<p>Foel Chwern is a Round cairn on the edge of the high plateau east of the Neath valley, and near the summit of Craig y Llyn. The headwaters of the River Rhondda are to the south-west. It is a burial monument dating to the Bronze Age, and is sited on the edge of a steep scarp slope, with a wide field of view to the north. The long distance footpath Coed Morgannwg Way runs close by the cairn. Conifer plantations of the Rheola Forest surround the site.</p><br>
<h2>Cairn</h2><br>
<p>The cairn is a mound roughly 8 m across and 0.4 m high, made up of small stones. The visible ones appear to be slabs of the locally occurring sandstone, although much of the mound is grass covered, so most stones are obscured and the edge is very indistinct. In 1977 the mound was reported to have received some damage during 20th century forestry activity, and received a partial excavation around this time, which confirmed its size, but revealed neither any burials nor any other finds. The cairn is a Scheduled Monument.</p><br>
<h2>Situation</h2><br>
<p>The scarp edge on which the cairn was built is at 568 m above sea level, on a ridge that culminates a kilometer to the south at the 600 m summit of Craig y Llyn, the highest point in Glamorgan It is a large tract of unnocupied land, with nor roads, now substantially planted with conifers. It is part of the Rheola Forest, which occupies a large area to the east of the Neath valley, above Cwmgwrach, planted with spruce and larch by the Forestry Commission in the mid 20th century. Before that years of coalmining had left over 150 collieries and mines and 15 tramways across the plateau. A large open-cast coalmines continues to operate a kilometer to the north of the cairn.</p><br>
<p>The scarp winds its way east-west between Rhigos and Mynydd Resolven, and various Bronze Age cairns are strung out along its length. For example to the west are Craig-y-Pant and Garn Fach, and to the east, Twyn Canwyllyr, Craig-y-Bwlch and Rhondda Fach Cairns, all occupying similar locations on the scarp.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>There are no roads within 3 km of the cairn, the nearest being the A4061 across Hirwaun Common. The long-distance Coed Morgannwg Way runs east-west from there along the scarp, immediately past the cairn before turning south to Cwm Afon. Other tracks and paths and cycle paths within the woodland also provide easy access to the monument. National Route 47 of the National Cycle Network passes through the woodland to the south of Foel Chwern.</p><br>
<p>The Lake Châteauvert is located on the path of the Manouane River , at the west of Saint-Maurice River in the territory of La Tuque, in Mauricie, in Quebec, in Canada.</p><br>
<h2>Toponymy</h2><br>
<p>The name " Lake Châteauvert " was recorded December 5, 1968 at the Bank of place names of Commission de toponymie du Québec (Geographical Names Board of Québec)</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Located entirely in forest area, the lake is formed Châteauvert any length, in the north-south axis. It receives water by:</p><br>
<p>West, the discharge of Lake Manouane, which receives its waters from Kempt Lake (Matawinie)</p><br>
<p>Center-West, the discharge of "Kekeo River (La Tuque)&quot</p><br>
<p>South, the river Mondonac which is fed by lakes Sincennes and Mondonac.</p><br>
<p>The outlet of Lake Châteauvert is the Manouane River (La Tuque) at the north end. A high-capacity dam owned by Hydro-Québec is located at the mouth. The dam built in 1952 (concrete-gravity type) has a height of 14 m and a retention height of 12.5 m. The catchment area of the dam is 456 km². Its holding capacity is 269,820,000 m³. This dam is designated "Manouance -C"</p><br>
<p>Coming from Wemotaci, a forest road crosses the Manouane River (La Tuque) at the top of the dam Manouane-C, and then moves to the west by the north shore of Lake Châteauvert.</p><br>
<p>Lake Hunter, a pear-shaped lake, has a surface area of 93 acre. This lake is inside Lakeland, Florida, and the area surrounding it is completely urbanized. It is bordered on the northeast by residences and the Lake Hunter Boat Ramp. On the lakes&#39;s north and west it is bordered by Sikes Boulevard and on the south and southeast by Lake Hunter Drive. The Lake Hunter Terrace Historic District borders the lake along Sikes Boulevard.</p><br>
<p>Lake Hunter provides public access along most of its, since a public sidewalk travels three-fourths of the way around it. Also, the Lake Hunter Boat Ramp is a public boat ramp. There are no swimming beaches along the lake&#39;s shore. This lake contains largemouth bass and bluegill.</p><br>
<p>On June 7, 2016 the body of a dead man was found in the mouth of an alligator on the shore of Lake Hunter. When officials arrived at the scene, the alligator let go of the body and swam away, police said. At the time it wasn&#39;t known if the alligator killed the person or simply found the dead body.</p><br>
<p>Lake Hunter bears the name of one Mr. Hunter, who often visited the lake in earlier days.</p><br>
<p>Pelorus Islet  is an islet located in Great Australian Bight off the south coast of Kangaroo Island in the Australian state of South Australia approximately 7 km east south-east of Cape Gantheaume. It was named by Captain Francis Harding, RN after HMS Pelorus.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Pelorus Islet is about 7 km east south-east of Cape Gantheaume. It consists of three separate islets - a main round topped peak of 12 m height with a reef with several rocks sitting above water level to its east and another exposed rock to its south-west. It is inaccessible by boat as it is subject to continuous swells.</p><br>
<h2>Formation, geology and oceanography</h2><br>
<p>Peloris Islet was formed between 7500 and 8900 years ago after sea levels rose at the start of the Holocene when Kangaroo Island became separated from Yorke and Fleurieu Peninsulas. Pelorus Islet is the remains of a volcanic intrusion reported as being some 506 million years old.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>As of 1996, no terrestrial vegetation was present as the islet has been ‘scoured of any soil and small eroded fragments, leaving only a few large boulders’ while the only vertebrate animals observed were New Zealand fur seals and crested terns.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Nicolas Baudin is reported as being the first European to describe the islet, however he did not name the islet. The islet was surveyed in May 1838 by HMS Pelorus under the command of Captain Francis Harding RN. It is reported that Harding named the islet after the ship. The Pelorus Islet is reported as being the site of the wrecking of You Yangs on 14 June 1890. You Yangs was a 672 gross tonnage barque rigged screw steamer owned by Howard Smith and Sons.</p><br>
<h2>Protected areas status</h2><br>
<p>Pelorus Islet originally obtained protected area status as a fauna reserve under the former Fauna Conservation Act 1964 As of 1996, it was described as being vacant crown land. As of 2016, the islet is part of the Cape Gantheaume Conservation Park. As of 2012, the waters surrounding its shores are part of a habitat protection zone located within the boundaries of the Southern Kangaroo Island Marine Park.</p><br>
<p>The Birchwood Inn is a historic tavern and inn on New Hampshire Route 45 in the center of Temple, New Hampshire. Its main building, a 2-1/2 story, roughly rectangular, brick and wood frame structure, was built during the Federal period , and has served as a center of hospitality ever since. The front half of the building, its five bay width and about half of each side wall, are faced in brick, while the rear of the block is framed in wood and sheathed in clapboards. Walls on some of its interior spaces were painted by muralist Rufus Porter. This block is connected by an ell to a barn-like structure , which was used for stabling horses on the ground level and has a large open hall above. This space has historically been used for town meetings and other civic and social events. The inn has been identified as "The Birchwood" since 1892, and was the town&#39;s only public accommodation for most of the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. It continues to be operated as a restaurant and inn.</p><br>
<p>The Brick Schoolhouse is a historic one-room schoolhouse at 432 New Hampshire Route 123 in Sharon, New Hampshire. Built in 1832, it is the only of the town&#39;s three such buildings to survive, and was the only one made of brick. It is also the only school building in the town at all; its students have been schooled in neighboring Peterborough since 1920. It is a single-story structure 26 ft wide and 30 ft long, with an entry vestibule 5 ft deep, and the schoolroom occupying the rest of the building. The original wooden desks still occupy their places. The building has continued to serve municipal purposes, seeing uses as a town meeting site, polling place, and town records repository.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>The Gilmore House is a historic house at 764 River Road in Calais, Maine. The 2-1/2 story wood frame house was designed by New Brunswick architect Matthew Stead and built c. 1850, probably for Alexander Gilmore, an Irish immigrant and local merchant. The house is a remarkably sophisticated execution of Gothic Revival styling, given that at the time of its construction, Calais was essentially a frontier town. It is the most sophisticated of a trio of Gothic Revival houses. It is, like one of its neighbors, the George Washburn House, listed on the National Register of Historic Places, although its address has changed since its listing.</p><br>
<p>The Gilmore House is a roughly rectangular block, with its main facade facing southeast, and a secondary facade facing southwest, toward the street. Its main roof spine runs parallel to the street, and the street-facing facade has two cross gables flanking a central three-part window on the second level. The gables are decorated with bargeboard, finials, and pendants. Narrow rectangular windows are placed in the gables, and the second level windows have slender hoods. The first floor is sheltered by a porch which extends across the front of the house, and wraps partway onto the southwest facade. The porch roof is supported by slender columns that are connected by woodwork Gothic arches.</p><br>
<p>The front of the house is three bays wide. The second level center bay has a balcony, with a projecting gable section partially sheltering it. It is also decoratively enhanced with bargeboard, pendants, and a finial at the top. The northwest and northeast faces of the house are less ornately decorated, but there is still some decorative trim. A two-story addition extends northeast.</p><br>
<p>The George Washburn House is a historic house at 772 River Road in Calais, Maine. The 1-1/2 story wood frame house was built c. 1855 by George Washburn, and is one of a trio of Gothic Revival houses standing in a row. One of the others was built by George Washburn&#39;s brother Charles; the third, which is the most elaborate, was built by Alexander Gilmore. Nothing of substance is known of the Washburns, or of who built their houses. The George Washburn House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982, at which time its address was 318 Main Street.</p><br>
<p>George Washburn&#39;s house is three bays wide, with a side gable roof pierced at the ridge by two symmetrically placed chimneys. The main facade is symmetrically arranged with a central entrance flanked by a pair of elongated windows. The entry is slightly recessed, with the door flanked by sidelight windows and topped by a fanlight. The second level consists of three steeply-pitched gables, aligned above the entry and windows below. The central gable is covers a small balcony that projects, providing a sheltered area above the entry. The balcony has spindled balusters and a decorative skirt. The gable is supported by square posts, which are joined by a decorative cut-wood valance. The gable end are decorated with bargeboard, with a finial and pendants. The flanking gables are simpler, with paired narrow windows topped by carved projecting lintels. These gable ends are also decorated with bargeboard and a slightly smaller finial and pendant.</p><br>
<p>At the rear of the house is a porch that was added in 1947 and enclosed in 1962.</p><br>
<p>The John Covington Moore House is a historic house in rural Clay County, North Carolina. It is located on North Carolina Route 1307, about 4 mi from the county seat, Hayesville. The 1-1/2 story log structure was built c. 1838 by John C. Moore, not long after the forced removal of the Cherokee from the area. The building is mounted on fieldstone piers, and has a porch extending across its front. There are shed-roofed rooms across the back of the house, and an exterior chimney at one end.</p><br>
<p>John C. Moore is acknowledged as Clay Countys first white settler. He began homesteading in the area as early as 1833, and claimed the land around this house after the Cherokee removal. He was one of Clay Countys first commissioners.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>Buarth-y-Gaer is an Iron Age hillfort or enclosure on the summit of Mynydd-y-Gaer, 300 m above sea level. It is in Briton Ferry community, near Neath, in Neath Port Talbot, South Wales. A large hilltop enclosure is bounded by a single bank and ditch. Within the enclosed area is a Bronze Age burial mound.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The hillfort is on the highest point of Mynydd-y-Gaer. It is one of three hillforts on this broad upland ridge; Craig Ty-Isaf is a much smaller hillfort to the south-west, close to Baglan, whilst Gaer Fawr is 800 m to the north. Mynydd-y-Gaer has a rounded hilltop, with grassland fields and stone walls running up to Buarth-y-Gaer. The hill stands above the Neath estuary and Briton Ferry, on the other side of Briton Ferry Woods, some 3 km to the north-west. The village of Baglan is at the foot of the hill, 1 km to the south-west. A slightly higher mountain, Foel Fynyddau lies to the east. Although the hillfort lies within Briton Ferry community, the south and east banks of the fort are on the boundary with Baglan community.</p><br>
<h2>Earthworks</h2><br>
<p>The fort is defined by a single bank and ditch which are roughly circular. It is 130 m across and encloses 1.1 hectare of rough grassland. Small-scale early quarrying has removed some of the bank from the south side. The remainder has several modern gaps and an original entrance on the west side. The bank stands half a metre above the interior, with a 2 m drop from the bank to the bottom of the ditch. The site is a scheduled monument. Although the hill name is Mynydd-y-Gaer (Mountain of the Fort) and the scheduling classifies it as a hillfort, the site shows little evidence of defensibility or fortification, and may be better termed an enclosure or defended enclosure.</p><br>
<p>A Bronze Age burial mound, which pre-dates the hillfort, stands within the enclosed area as the only internal feature. This is 0.8 m high, and 11.6 m across.</p><br>
<p>The John Franklin Cobb House, also known as the Cobb Plantation, is a historic house in rural Cherokee County, North Carolina. The oldest portion of the house is a log structure built in 1863, making it one of the few surviving pre-Civil War structures in the county. It is also notable as a place frequented by baseball legend Ty Cobb in his childhood; he was a grandson of the original builder, John Franklin Cobb. The house is, outside of the log cabin at its core, a rambling structure consisting of a variety of additions to the original log cabin. The house has been enclosed in weatherboarding since the 1880s. It was for many years the center of a farm of some 150-200 acres, and was in the Cobb family until 1977.</p><br>
<p>The house, as well as outbuildings on a roughly six-acre parcel, were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. The house is located about two tenths of a mile down a private drive, west of US Route 129-19, about seven-tenths of a mile south of its junction with SR 1583.</p><br>
<p>Mount Stephens, 1592 m , prominence 1047m, also known as Quay, Kwe or kwe in Kwakwala, is a mountain in the Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains in British Columbia, Canada, located in the Central Coast region, northeast of Nimmo Bay and Mackenzie Sound and west of Kingcome Inlet.</p><br>
<p>As Kwe, Mount Stephens was the home of the thunderbird to the Gwawaenuk, who when he descended from the mountain took human form and became the ancestor of that group of Kwakwakawakw, whose principal village is now at Hegams, i.e. Hopetown on Watson Island in the Broughton Archipelago, from which a view of this mountain can be seen and is featured in a woodcut by artist Walter Phillips.</p><br>
<h2>Name origin</h2><br>
<p>Mount Stephens was named by Captain Vancouver after Sir Philip Stephens.</p><br>
<p>The Carpenter and Bean Block is a historic apartment house at 1382-1414 Elm Street in Manchester, New Hampshire. It is a large brick building, which was built in two stages. The first section, built in 1883, is a three-story sixteen-bay structure with vernacular Italianate styling at the corner of Elm and Dow Streets. In 1892 a four-story section, seven bays wide, was added which has similar styling. The bays are grouped in fours, each separated by a strip of brick that rises the height of the building. Each section has a recessed entry, with a segmented arch overhead, and granite steps, wrought iron railing, and iron bootscrapers. The building was built as an investment property by Josiah Carpenter and Nehemiah Bean, and was a rare surviving residential design by local architect John T. Fanning.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>The Frank Pierce Carpenter House is a historic house at 1800 Elm Street on the north side of Manchester, New Hampshire. The 2-1/2 story wood frame house was built in 1891, and is a fine local example of high-style Queen Anne architecture. It was built for Frank Carpenter, then the president of the Amoskeag Paper Company, and a major city benefactor, and probably designed by Edgar Allan Poe Newcomb. The house is roughly square in shape, with a three-story turret at its southeast corner and a projecting window bay at its southwest corner. A 2-1/2 story ell which originally housed service facilities projects to the west. The main  facade is three bays wide: the turret occupies the left bay, and the main entrance the center. The entry is sheltered by a single-story porch supported by clustered Tuscan columns .</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994. It was given to the American Red Cross in 1993 by Carpenter&#39;s heirs.</p><br>
<p>The Amos Chase House and Mill are a historic property on New Hampshire Route 114, just south of the Piscataquog River in Weare, New Hampshire. The house is a 2-1/2 Greek Revival two-family house built c. 1836. It has two similar five-bay facades  with central entries framed by pilasters and topped by architraves. The adjacent mill building is also a wood-frame structure, built c. 1849. Both buildings have seen only modest and superficial alteration since their construction. The mill is the only surviving 19th-century mill building in Weare, out of a cottage industry that once saw a dozen or more such buildings. This mill was the only one in the town to survive the New England Hurricane of 1938, although its waterwheel was washed away. The mill race providing water to the mill from the Piscataquog is still visible on the property, as is a dam built by Chase. Chase was a tool manufacturer; his son later used the mill in the manufacture of baskets.</p><br>
<p>The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>The Former Caswell Public Library is an historic building at 42 Main Street in Harrison, Maine. Built in 1908-09, it is one of the small community&#39;s most architecturally distinctive buildings, designed in the Romanesque Revival style by a local architect. It is named for Daniel Caswell, a generous benefactor to the library, and housed the local public library until 2004. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005. The building is presently vacant.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Caswell Public Library stands on the north side of Main Street (Maine State Routes 35 and 117), in the village center of Harrison, at the northern end of Long Lake. It is a single-story stone structure, built out of uncoursed granite cobbles mortared in place. The building is basically rectangular, with a hip roof. A semicircular section projects from the southern part of the eastern facade, its semi-conical roofline joinging that of the main roof. A round turret projects from the southwestern corner of the building, topped by a conical roof. The entrance is set recessed in a projecting vestibule that features a segmented-arch opening and corner pillars that rise above the projection&#39;s roof, giving a crenellated effect. The interior is arranged similarly to other 19th-century libraries, with a central circulation desk, a reading room in the semicircular section, and the stack area to the rear. The basement houses offices and a small meeting area and kitchen space.</p><br>
<p>The Harrison Public Library Association (renamed the Caswell Public Library Association in 1947) was established in 1906, its initial collection based on the content of two private circulating collections in the town. The building that housed its collection was destroyed by fire in 1907, although the collection was saved. Daniel Caswell, a Harrison native living in Texas, donated $1,000 to a building fund, conditioned on it being named for him. The present building was constructed in 1908 on land previously occupied by a church which had burned down. The architect was John Proctor, a Harrison resident whose only known works are in the immediate area; it is his only known library commission. There is a distinct stylistic resemblance between the library and Caswell&#39;s house in Austin, Texas, suggesting the benefactor may have had an influence on the design.</p><br>
<p>The building housed the library until 2004, when space concerns prompted its move to larger quarters. The building presently stands vacant.</p><br>
<p>Nobby Islet  is an islet located in the Great Australian Bight off the south coast of Kangaroo Island in the Australian state of South Australia approximately 50 km south-west of Kingscote. It is currently part of the Seal Bay Conservation Park.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Nobby Islet is approximately 50 km south-west of Kingscote and about 9.2 km east of Point Ellen in Vivonne Bay and within 200 m of the coast at Seal Bay. The islet is reported as being cylindrical in shape with almost vertical sides and finished with a flat top. It is 75 m high and has an area of 12 hectare.</p><br>
<p>The islet is difficult to access due to its location in shallow water adjoining a cliffed coastline that exposed to rolling seas and the fragile condition of its vertical cliff faces. A survey carried out by the responsible government agency in 1996 used a helicopter to access the islet’s summit.</p><br>
<h2>Formation, geology and oceanography</h2><br>
<p>Nobby Islet may have been formed as recently as 6000 years ago due to the relatively shallow depth of the water surrounding it. As of 1996, the islet is reported as appearing to be entirely composed of a limestone known as Bridgewater Formation calcarenite. It is also observed that there was recent evidence of rockfalls due to the crumbly consistency of the calcarenite and that debris cones were present on its relatively sheltered northern side while any collapsed materials on its southern face had been washed away by wave action. The islet’s summit was also reported as being ‘gently terraced by resistant layers of calcrete that retain bands of sandy soil’.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>As of 1996, the cliff faces were relatively un-vegetated. The islet’s summit was occupied by clumps of Coast tussock-grass with a fringing shrubland dominated by Coast Daisy-bush. The 25 other species were identified including Dry land Tea-tree, Coast Beard-heath, Common correa, Cotton bush, Thyme Riceflower, pointed twinleaf, Black-anther Flax Lily, Common Wallaby Grass and Downy Dodder-laurel. The only animal life observed in 1996 was an Osprey nest located on the islet’s northern side, white-faced storm petrels which were nesting in shallow burrows located over the entire summit and two species of lizard - the marbled gecko and the bull skink.</p><br>
<h2>Protected areas status</h2><br>
<p>Nobby Islet originally obtained protected area status as a fauna reserve under the former Fauna Conservation Act 1964 Since 1971, the waters surrounding the islet have been part of the Seal Bay Aquatic Reserve. As of 1996, it was described as being included in Seal Bay Conservation Park. As of 2012, the waters surrounding its shores are part of a restricted access zone located within the boundaries of the Southern Kangaroo Island Marine Park.</p><br>
<p>Gulkana Glacier is a glacier that flows from the ice fields of the south flank of the eastern Alaska Range. It is accessible by gravel roads from the Richardson Highway near mile post 197 at the Richardson Monument, just two miles north of Summit Lake and 12 miles north of Paxson and the junction with Denali Highway. Closer to the glacier, a suspension bridge allows pedestrians to cross over Phelan Creek. Wildlife includes moose and bears. The peak of a hill just southwest of Gulkana Glacier has a post labeled PEWE 1975. The Arctic Man competition takes place near Gulkana Glacier every spring.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Gulkana Glacier is one of three detailed long-term glacier monitoring sites run by the USGS in a study on climate change and glacier-related hydrologic processes. Wolverine Glacier and South Cascade Glacier are the other two monitoring sites. The study monitors climate, glacial movement, glacial runoff, glacier mass-balance, and stream runoff.</p><br>
<p>Since 1966 when the USGS began collecting annual mass balance data, the mass of Gulkana Glacier has been decreasing by 0.4 meters per year on average. In addition, the motion of the ice has slowed, which has resulted in glacier retreat. The glacier enjoys a peak thickness in May or June which is 2 to 5 meters thicker than its minimum in August or September.</p><br>
<p>The USGS Phelan Creek near Paxson stream-gaging station is located at an altitude of 1,125 meters above sea level and one kilometer downstream from the glacier&#39;s 1996 terminus. The creek bed contains gravel and boulders of various sizes, typical of a glacial moraine.</p><br>
<p>Paisley Islet  is an islet located in the Great Australian Bight immediately off the west coast of Kangaroo Island in South Australia approximately 104 km west south-west of Kingscote. It is currently part of the Flinders Chase National Park.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Paisley Islet is approximately 104 km west south-west of Kingscote. It is an extension of the southern headland of West Bay and is only separated from the mainland by tide or wind driven waves. It can be reached by walking along the rock isthmus at low tide.</p><br>
<h2>Formation, geology and oceanography</h2><br>
<p>Paisley Islet was formed about 7500 years ago after sea levels rose at the start of the Holocene. The islet consists of basement rock of Kanmantoo group metasandstone which extends to the mainland. The central portion of the islet is topped with a layer of Bridgewater Formation calcarenite which is in turn capped with a layer of calcrete. Layers of soil lie in depressions within the calcrete layer.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>As of 1996, the rim of the calcarenite cap has been colonised by roundleaved pigface, and sea celery. Species found on the central portion of the islet included dwarfed marsh saltbush, nitre-bush, southern sea-heath and ruby saltbush. Species such as feather spear-grass and variable groundsel appear after seasonal rain.</p><br>
<p>Vertebrate animals were represented by birds, mammals and reptiles. A survey conducted in 1996 found that the islet is used as a breeding site, possibly during milder weather, for crested terns and as a site for roosting and feeding by red-capped dotterels, sooty oystercatchers, rock parrots, welcome swallows and Richard&#39;s pipit. It was also observed that the islet was being used as a haul out by bull Australian sea lions. The four-toed earless skink was the only reptile found in 1996.</p><br>
<h2>Protected area status</h2><br>
<p>The islet is part of the Flinders Chase National Park and has been specifically proclaimed as a prohibited area in order to protect breeding seabirds such as crested terns.</p><br>
<p>Since December 2012, the waters around the islet has been part of a habitat protection zone located within the boundaries of the Western Kangaroo Island Marine Park.</p><br>
<p>The Contoocook Mills Industrial District of Hillsborough, New Hampshire, encompasses the industrial mill complex of the Contoocook Mills, a major business in the town from the 19th century to the mid-20th century. Industry on the banks of the Contoocook River in Hillsborough began as early as 1763, when a sawmill and gristmill were operated in the area. More modern industrial activity began in 1828 with the construction of a cotton mill by Josiah Marcy. This three story timber frame building stands on the south side of Mill Street, on a granite foundation through which a raceway provide the water which powered the mill. Marcy expanded his operations, building a grist mill and saw mill before his death in 1848. The grist mmill, a handsome brick building on the north side of Mill Street, was operated as such until 1884, after which it was converted into the picker building for the main mill complex.</p><br>
<p>The "main mill" stands prominently overlooking the falls. It consists of two buildings, possibly built at different times, that are connected. The western portion, nearest Bridge Street, is a timber-frame construction built in 1865 by John Butler Smith, who purchased the existing mill complex from Marcys heirs. He also built the dye house and office, brick buildings located south and east of the main mill. Smiths business was eventually incorporated as the Contoocook Mills Company, giving the complex its name. The mills were the community&#39;s largest employer for many years, producing mainly woolen underwear. The mills had shut down by the early 1960s, and were rescued from demolition by local community efforts. Some of the buildings have been converted to residential use, while others remain in light industrial use.</p><br>
<p>A portion of mill complex, consisting of five buildings between Mill Street and the river, was first listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. This listing was expanded in 1985 to add buildings on the south side of Mill Street.</p><br>
<p>The Dunlap Building is a historic commercial building at 967 Elm Street in downtown Manchester, New Hampshire. It is a large five-story brick building occupying a corner lot on Manchester&#39;s principal commercial street. It was built in 1879 as a four-story building, and extensively rebuilt in 1908, when the fifth story was added. The first floor is lined by storefronts on both Elm and Amherst Streets. The second through fourth floors of the Elm Street facade are three bays wide, the bays divided by pilasters. Separate pilasters separate the bays on the top floor. The original second-floor windows were replaced in 1908 by large plate-glass windows. The third-floor windows have a segmented-arch top and the original 1879 window surrounds, although the windows themselves have been replaced by modern sash windows. The windows on the upper two floors are in rectangular openings with granite sills. The Amherst Street facade is also divided by pilasters and has similar window treatments, although a number of the second-floor windows have been partially bricked over.</p><br>
<p>The building&#39;s 1908 alterations were designed by locally prominent architect Chase R. Whitcher. It was one of the most advanced office buildings of its time, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<p>The Flint Estate is a historic summer estate in Antrim, New Hampshire. The estate consists of a collection of five buildings, some of early-to-mid 19th century origin, either brought together or built by Wyman Kneeland Flint beginning in 1913. Flints estate formed the core of a small village area in North Antrim, and included his mansion, a c. 1817 brick structure that he had significantly enlarged in 1913-14. It also includes the c. 1820 North Branch Schoolhouse, acquired by Flint as a philanthropic gesture to help fund the construction of a new school, and since converted into a residence. The North Branch Chapel is a c. 1877 wooden structure, and the Sawyer House is a c. 1846 vernacular Greek Revival house. Flint used his property as a summer estate and a gentlemans farm. It later served as the campus of Nathaniel Hawthorne College. Most of his estate is now owned by the Maharishi Academy of Total Knowledge.</p><br>
<p>The Corbin Covered Bridge is a wooden covered bridge over the North Branch of the Sugar River on Corbin Road, approximately 1 mile west of NH 10 in Newport in Sullivan County, New Hampshire, United States. It is a Town lattice truss bridge, originally built in 1845, destroyed by fire in 1993 and subsequently reconstructed, consisting of one span with a total length of 96 ft. The total width of the bridge is 18 ft, and has a single lane road. The bridge rests on stone abutments. The bridge passes 12 ft over the water. Its sides are sheathed, the usual means by which the truss elements are protected from the elements.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 but was removed when destroyed by fire.</p><br>
<p>Sammezzano, or the Castle of Sammezzano, is an Italian palazzo in Tuscany notable for its Moorish Revival architectural style. It is located in Leccio, a hamlet of Reggello, in the Province of Florence.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>The original palazzo was erected in about 1605 by the Spanish nobleman, Ximenes of Aragon. In the 19th century, Ferdinand Panciatichi Ximenes inherited the property and, between 1853 and 1889, remodeled it into one of the largest examples of Moorish Revival architecture. Umberto I, king of Italy, visited Ximenes at Sammezzano in 1878.</p><br>
<p>The palazzo served as a luxury hotel in the post WWII era; then was vacated and closed. A committee called FPXA 1813-2013, abbreviation for Ferdinand Panciatichi Ximenes d’Aragon, was organized in 2012 to attempt to restore and preserve the palazzo, which has 365 rooms, each with unique, Moorish decoration.</p><br>
<p>Hinckley Lake is located by Hinckley, New York. The lake serves water to 130,000 people in the greater Utica, New York area, is a source of hydropower, and supports recreation during all seasons. The lake is located in the towns of Russia in Herkimer County, and Remsen in Oneida County.</p><br>
<p>Gregory B. Jarvis Plant is named in honor of the 41-year-old payload specialist from the Mohawk Valley who was killed aboard the Space Shuttle Challenger in 1986. This 9,000-kW facility began operation in June of that year. The plant is located about 20 miles from Mohawk Central High School, where Jarvis graduated in 1963.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The topography of its watershed of 372 square miles is rugged and varies in altitude from about 1,165 to 3,100 feet above sea-level. The drainage basin of this creek, like that of the upper Mohawk, is located in the region which has the maximum precipitation of the state, a precipitation which is exceptionally high during the winter months, in the form of snow.</p><br>
<p>No constricted gorge, where a short dam might be built, was available on the site of this reservoir. The dam has a total length of 3,700 feet, of which there is a 400-foot masonry section, embodying gate chambers and spillway. The major, or earthen, portion of the dam has a concrete core wall running through most of its length. The masonry content of the dam is 110,020 cubic yards, while there are 611,200 cubic yards of embankment in the earthen section. The masonry has a maximum height of 82 feet above rock and the overfall at the spillway is 61 feet. The maximum height of the earthen dam is 56 feet above the natural surface.</p><br>
<p>The lake forks into two parts, which have a combined length of about thirteen miles but no great width, only about a half mile. Its area is 4.46 square miles and its capacity 3,445,000,000 cubic feet. The maximum depth at crest level is 75 feet and the average depth, 28 feet. It necessitated the removal of 209 buildings, which made up parts of three villages, and it submerged seven miles of highways. This lake too is of much value for flood regulation, the maximum rate of flood discharge being very materially reduced.</p><br>
<h2>Fishing</h2><br>
<p>The lake also offers sport fishing. Fish species that are present in the reservoir are smallmouth bass, rock bass, black bullhead, pickerel, trout, and yellow perch. There is a boat launch that requires a fee, located on the west shore off NY-365. It accommodates launching of all</p><br>
<p>boat sizes. There is also a boat rental business on the lake.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The public water supply of Utica was owned and operated by the Consolidated Water Company. The original supply was installed in 1850 and consisted of a reservoir supplied by the so-called Graftenberg springs, located in the hills south of the city. As the population increased additional reservoirs were constructed and surface streams impounded, constituting what is known as the southern supply. In about 1907 the supply from the West Canada creek was introduced into the city. In 1915 the barge canal reservoir at Hinckley was completed. It is from this reservoir that the West Canada Creek supply was taken, at least through 1918.</p><br>
<p>In February, 1917, a rather serious but localized break of typhoid fever occurred in Utica, New York which upon an investigation by this Department was attributed to an infection of the water in the mains through cross connections between auxiliary fire supplies from polluted sources. The results of analyses of the raw water from the Hinckley supply have shown in the past a moderate amount of active contamination as indicated by the total bacterial counts and the presence of organisms of the E. coli type.</p><br>
<p>In 1928, the name was officially changed to Kayuhoora Lake after land owners encouraged the state committee of geographic names to alter the name but it never took as people continued to call it Hinckley Lake.</p><br>
<h2>Status in 1918</h2><br>
<p>The intake at the Hinckley Lake consisted of a gate house located about midway of the dam, the point of intake being about 25 feet below the water surface. From this intake the water flowed by gravity through about 10 miles of 24-inch mains to a diverting reservoir located in the town of Marcy about 6 miles north of Utica. From this lake water was diverted to 2 distributing reservoirs, one known as the Marcy reservoir, located in the town of Marcy and the other, known as the Deerfield Reservoir, located in the town of Deerfield. The Marcy reservoir was an open reservoir formed by earthen embankments paved on the inner slopes and with a capacity of 15,000.000 gallons. From this reservoir a 24-inch main led to the northwestern section of the city&#39;s distribution mains. The Deerfield reservoir was of similar construction to that of the Marcy reservoir and had a storage capacity of approximately 106,000,000 gallons. From this reservoir a 20-inch main led into the city distribution system at the foot of Genesee street.</p><br>
<p>On the New Hartford distribution system was a stand-pipe with a capacity of 150,000 gallons and on the Oriskany distribution system is a stand-pipe with 250,000 gallons capacity. Another supply has been obtained in the past from a small intake dam on Keels creek not far from the Deerfield reservoir. This however is not now used.</p><br>
<p>The water company is required to maintain a monthly patrol of the watersheds and to maintain sanitary conditions thereon in accordance with the stipulations of the rules.</p><br>
<h2>Dam construction</h2><br>
<p>Built across the West Canada Creek near the village of Hinckley. The dam was constructed by the State of New York and completed in 1915 for the purpose of supplying water to the enlarged canal. Hinckley Reservoir was located at its present site primarily because of its proximity to the canal and its elevation above the canal.</p><br>
<p>The dam is 3,700 feet long, mainly an earthen structure with a concrete core wall. At the creek channel there are gate chambers and a spillway 400 feet long. The masonry contents of this dam are 110,020 cubic yards, while the embankment amounts to 611,200 cubic yards. The maximum height of masonry above rock is 82 feet and the overfall at the spillway, 61 feet. The area of the reservoir at crest level is 4.46 square miles, its maximum depth is 75 feet and average depth of 28 feet. The reservoirs capacity is 3,445,000,000 cubic feet.</p><br>
<h2>Water level statistics</h2><br>
<p>The lowest reservoir elevation in the record is 1174.9 ft observed on November 17, 1964.</p><br>
<p>Hinckley Reservoir has reached a record low level of 1,189.0 ft above sea level on September 26, 2007.</p><br>
<p>On March 10, 2010 with a level of 1187.7 ft</p><br>
<p>When full to the spillway crest at an elevation of 1225 ft</p><br>
<p>NYPA hydropower generation goes off line at an elevation of about 1195 feet</p><br>
<p>Drinking water withdrawal is affected at about 1185 feet</p><br>
<p>Canal navigation releases are affected at about 1173.5 feet; and</p><br>
<p>Fisheries release rates are affected at about 1173.5 feet.</p><br>
<p>On May 5, 2010 the reservoir reached a new daily recorded low elevation of 1215.4, which is 9 lower than the average recorded elevation for that day. Record low elevations continued through May until mid-June. As of June 8, the reservoir was at 1215.1 which is 2.6 below recorded low levels for that day, and 8.8&#39; below average.</p><br>
<p>The John Ash House, also known as Rowan House, Coker House and Rickles House, is a historic residence near Ashville, Alabama. John Ash emigrated from York County, South Carolina, first to Georgia, later settling in what is today St. Clair County, Alabama in 1817. Ash became a successful farmer, and served as a judge and member of the first Alabama State Senate. In 1821 Ash was one of five local leaders appointed to oversee the construction of a county courthouse and jail; the county seat was later named Ashville in his honor. Ash built a one-story dogtrot log house around 1820. In the 1830s, the house was extensively modified: three rooms and a second story were added to the house, and the exterior was covered with frame siding. The central dogtrot was filled in, and the main portion now resembled an I-house. A triangular pedimented gable adorns the front of the house, and each side has a brick chimney. A porch was added to the front of the house in the early 1900s. The house was listed on the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage in 1990 and the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>Freese&#39;s Tavern is a historic tavern and general store at 1011 Whittier Highway, the northwest corner of the junction of New Hampshire Routes 109 and 25 in Moultonborough, New Hampshire. With a building history dating to about 1780, and a continuous history of operation as a tavern, general store, post office, library, and town hall, it is one of the oldest establishments of its type in the United States. It is presently known as The Old Country Store, and includes museum displays on its history. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Old Country Store is located in the village center of Moultonborough, at the northwest corner of Whittier Highway (NH 25) and Holland Street (NH 109). The 2-1/2 story building is built out of rough-hewn timbers and sheathed in clapboards. Single-story porches shelter both street-facing facades. A shed-roofed ell, originally a stable, is attached to the south side, and a small 1-1/2 story gabled addition was added to the north side in 1870, and two additional wings were added in the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>The oldest portion of the building, now an ell, was built c. 1780 by George Freese. Freese played a leading role in local politics, and it was during his ownership that town meetings began to be held here. David Bean, the next proprietor, also served as postmaster for the town. In the late 19th century an upstairs space housed the town library. The building ceased to house the post office in 1967.</p><br>
<p>The Orensberg, also known in the region as the Orensfels due to the striking rock formations on its summit plateau, is a hill, near Frankweiler in the county of Südliche Weinstraße in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate. The hill is part of the Haardt mountain range that forms the eastern edge of the Palatinate Forest.</p><br>
<p>At the summit is an ancient circular rampart, now designated as a cultural monument, and the natural monument of the Orensfelsen rocks.</p><br>
<h2>Geographical Location</h2><br>
<p>The summit of the Orensberg, which lies within the Palatine Forest Nature Park, rises within the forest estate belonging to Frankweiler, a village 2.8 kilometres to the southeast; the northern slopes of the hill are part of the woods of Böchingen, a settlement 4.7 km east-southeast. Higher mountains and hills nearby include the Roßberg, 2 km north, and the Teufelsberg, 2.1 km (both as the crow flies) northeast. Three streams flow past the Orensberg: the Dernbach to the west, the Queich to the south and the Hainbach to the east.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Name</h3><br>
<p>The Orensberg used to be called the Urlesberg. This was derived from the Old High German word Urlaß, which means "pasture hill" (Weideberg.see also Urnsburg</p><br>
<h3>Excavations</h3><br>
<p>The remains of settlements from the Early Middle Ages have been found on the Orensberg. As a result, archaelogical investigations have taken place for a number of years under the direction of Jochen Braselmann. Trial digs were carried out and several working ditches, so-called mardelles, were opened. Finds included flint arrowheads dating to the New Stone Age, as well as pottery from the Early Middle Ages. In addition the former entrance in the interior of the circular rampart was uncovered.</p><br>
<h3>Circular rampart or ringwork</h3><br>
<p>Today little can be seen of the collapsed stone wall that once formed the circular rampart. The rampart is around two and a half kilometres long and encloses an area of about 15 hectares. Early scientific assessments indicated it might be of Celtic origin and it was dated to the period around 500 B. C. In the meantime, it has been shown that it is actually the remains of a Carolingian refuge castle, which was built in the 8th century A.D. This evidence came from a dendrochronological investigation of a piece of an excavated wooden beam.</p><br>
<h3>Opferschale</h3><br>
<p>The so-called Opferschale ("sacrifice or offering bowl") on one of the rocks is an hollow in the Bunter sandstone, that has been formed by the erosion of rock layers (Karlstal beds, upper rock zone with ball rock horizon) of differing hardness and which bears traces of human activity. This type of feature is common in the Palatine Forest and is locally called a Wasserstein ("water rock") or Suppenschüssel ("soup bowl"). According to more recent research only the so-called "blood channel" (Blutrinne) has been added by human hands. It is not possible to date the workings, but they have been classified to the Celtic period.</p><br>
<h2>Sights</h2><br>
<p>The summit plateau, whose highest point is protected by railings, offers a good all-round view of the Palatine Forest and the Upper Rhine Plain to the south. The surrounding area is rich in castles and castle ruins. For example, to the southwest may be seen the imperial castle of Trifels and its two sister fortresses, Anebos and Scharfenberg; on the north slope of the Orensberge is Scharfeneck Castle, behind the Roßberg mountain is Meistersel Castle, and to the northwest is the castle of Ramburg.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism and sport</h2><br>
<p>Thanks to its views, the Orensberg is a popular destination for ramblers. It is accessible via a dense network of paths and the route to the top is signed. In addition the hill is a take-off point for paragliders and a destination for mountain bikers.</p><br>
<p>The Lexington Historical Museum is a museum with a collection of historic items related to Lexington, Missouri. The Greek Revival building was constructed in 1846 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. It is located in the Old Neighborhoods Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The museum has been housed in the 1846 Cumberland Presbyterian Church of Lexington since its opening in 1976. The museum has a collection of early Lexington pictures. It also has on display an Overland Mail Company Bible as one of its many items related to the Pony Express mail service. It also contains historical memorabilia related to steamboats, coal mining, Osage Indians, and the Wentworth Military Academy.</p><br>
<p>A sword that James A. Mulligan turned over in surrender, but was later allowed to keep per orders of General Sterling Price, is on display. The historical records on the sword show it was stolen by a young boy shortly after Mulligans surrender and hidden in his fathers farm near Lexington. It was returned to a lawyer around 1900. The lawyer returned it in 1912 to the widow of Colonel Mulligan. Her daughter returned it to the city of Lexington in 1917, where it stayed in a bank vault for 50 years.</p><br>
<p>The museum is located in downtown Lexington, where there are over one hundred pre-Civil War buildings. The city has more pre-Civil War homes and buildings than any other community in Missouri. The battlefield where the Battle of Lexington of the American Civil War took place is at this location.</p><br>
<p>Lexington Historical Museum owns and operates the Heritage Park in Lexington, Missouri. The park commemorates the 1852 Saluda steamboat disaster. A memorial bell tower is at Heritage Park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The 1846 Cumberland Presbyterian Church was restored by funds raised by the local garden club in the 1970s. The garden club hosted tours of older homes of Lexington to gain profits that were contributed to the community. One such project was the restoration of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. After completion of the restoration in 1976 the doors officially opened as the Lexington Historical Museum. The building that contains the museum was at one time the Old Library Building of Lexington besides being the Cumberland Presbyterian Church.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The museum is located at 112 South 13th Street in Lexington, Missouri. The museum is open to the public during the week in the summer, with visiting additionally on Saturdays and Sundays in May and October.</p><br>
<p>Hansen&#39;s Annex is a historic house on Main Street in Center Sandwich, New Hampshire. Built about 1839, it is one of a small number of Greek Revival buildings to survive, out of many that once graced the town. It has seen use as a single-family residence, tavern, and boarding house. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and included in the Center Sandwich Historic District, in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Hansen&#39;s Annex stands in the village of Center Sandwich, on the south side of Main Street (New Hampshire Route 113) just west of its junction with New Hampshire Route 109. It is a two-story wood frame house, three bays wide and a single room deep, with a side-gable roof. The front facade has a centered entry, with flanking sidelight windows and a slightly peaked entablature. A single-story ell extends behind the building, joining it to a 20th-century garage. The interior of the house is sparely finished, with beaded vertical planking on the walls.</p><br>
<p>The village of Center Sandwich experienced a significant flowering of architecture between 1830 and 1860, with a significant number of temple-fronted Greek Revival buildings constructed, including commercial and residential buildings. This assemblage was one of the finest such collections in New Hampshire&#39;s Lakes Region, but was largely lost in the late 19th and early 20th centuries to fire and demolition. This house is one of the few remaining buildings with Greek Revival features.</p><br>
<p>The was built sometime before 1839, when its sale from Ezra Gould to John Folsom was recorded, and apparently served as a private residence at that time. By 1868 it was owned by George Hansen, who used the house and an attached barn (no longer extant) as a tavern and livery stable. Hansen&#39;s son Frank bought a house across the street, which he converted for use as a tenement, making this smaller house a functional annex to that property. In 1965 it was converted back to single-family use.</p><br>
<p>Lonsdale Road Reservoir or Leg of Mutton Reservoir or Leg o&#39; Mutton Reservoir is a disused reservoir in Barnes in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames. It is an 8.2 hectare Local Nature Reserve and Site of Borough Importance for Nature Conservation, Grade 1, owned and managed by Richmond upon Thames London Borough Council.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The reservoir was built in 1838 and decommissioned in 1960. Developers proposed to build housing and a shopping centre on the site, but this was strongly opposed by local residents. They suggested that it should become a nature reserve instead, and their proposal was accepted. The Council purchased the area from Thames Water in 1970 and in 1990 it was designated a Local Nature Reserve.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>Breeding birds include pochards, which are nationally scarce, mute swans, great crested grebe and grey herons. There are many more waterfowl in the winter. The site is also important for bats, and amphibians include the protected great crested newt. Aquatic plants include bogbean and frogbit, both of which are rare in London.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>There is a mile-long perimeter path round the reservoir, which can be accessed from the Thames Path, Ferry Lane and Lonsdale Road.</p><br>
<p>Ford Island  is an islet in the center of Pearl Harbor, Oahu, in the USA state of Hawaii. It has been known as Rabbit Island, Maríns Island, and Little Goats Island, and its native Hawaiian name is Mokuumeume&#39;. The island had an area of 334 acres when it was surveyed in 1825, which was increased during the 1930s to 441 acres with fill dredged out of Pearl Harbor by the United States Navy to accommodate battleships.</p><br>
<p>It was the site of an ancient Hawaiian fertility ritual, which was stopped by Christian missionaries during the 1830s. The island was given by Kamehameha I to Spanish deserter Francisco de Paula Marín, and later returned to the monarchy. After the island was bought at auction by James Isaac Dowsett and sold to Caroline Jackson, it became the property of Dr. Seth Porter Ford by marriage and was renamed Ford Island. After Ford&#39;s death, his son sold the island to the John Papa ʻĪʻī estate and it was converted into a sugarcane plantation.</p><br>
<p>In 1916, part of Ford Island was sold to the USA Army for use by an aviation division in Hawaii, and by 1939 it was taken over by the USA Navy as a station for battleship and submarine maintenance. From the 1910s to the 1940s, the island continued to grow as a strategic center of operations for the USA Navy in the Pacific Ocean. Ford Island was at the center of the attack on Pearl Harbor and on the USA Pacific Fleet by the Japanese fleet on December 7, 1941. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964, and the National Trust for Historic Preservation has listed the island as one of the United States&#39; most-endangered historic sites.</p><br>
<p>By the late 1990s, hundreds of millions of dollars had been invested in real estate development and infrastructure, including a new bridge. Ford Island continues to serve an active role in the Pacific, hosting military functions at the Pacific Warfighting Center and civilian functions at NOAA&#39;s Pacific Tsunami Warning Center. The island has been featured in films such as Tora! Tora! Tora! and Pearl Harbor and receives tourists from the USA and abroad at the USS Arizona memorial and the USS Missouri museum.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Ford Island is located inside Pearl Harbor, South Oahu of the Hawaiian Islands. Pearl Harbor is divided into three large bodies of water called the West Loch, Middle Loch and East Loch with Ford Island in the center of the East Loch. It is 1.5 mile long and 0.75 mile wide, and was enlarged from 334 to 441 acre between 1930 and 1940 with land fill dredged from the surrounding harbor.</p><br>
<p>The island&#39;s soil is composed primarily of volcanic material, lagoonal deposits and coralline debris, with silty sand from the dredging. Its volcanic material is Aeolian ash, weathered tuff and basalt. Ford Island proper is a coral outcrop. There are two smaller islets near the island: Mokunui and Mokuiki.</p><br>
<h3>Contamination</h3><br>
<p>In 1991, the Navy discovered nine metals, two semi-volatile organic compounds and a polychlorinated biphenyl in Ford Island&#39;s soil, groundwater and marine sediment. Suspected sources were nine 225,000 gal fuel tanks on the east-central side of the island (from 1924 to 1954), a 4.4 acre landfill on the southwestern shore (from 1930 to 1960) and ordnance bunkers on the northeastern side. An investigation suggested covering the contaminated areas with clean soil. In 1994, the Navy considered removing the contaminated soil and installed six wells to monitor groundwater, but decided to follow the original recommendation in 1995 and capped the contaminated soil with topsoil and erosion-resistant vegetation (including Bermuda grass). The containment system was completed in 1996.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The wildlife on Ford Island is likely very similar to that on Naval Station Pearl Harbor. Wildlife is sparse and dominated by invasive species such as the house mouse, mongoose, brown rat, black rat, house sparrow, Java sparrow and common mynah.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Ancient Hawaiians</h3><br>
<p>Ancient Hawaiians called the island Mokuumeume ("isle of attraction" or "island of strife"), The word ume means to draw, attract or entice and was used to name the ceremony for the common people. Hawaii historian Herb Kawainui Kāne considered ume to be a courtship game. Those selected for ume (never virgins or the unmarried) would sing around a large bonfire while a tribal leader with a maile (wand) chanted, touching individual men and women.</p><br>
<p>The native Hawaiian people of the area were called Ke Awalau o Puuloa. They used the island to cultivate watermelon and to harvest pili grass for the construction of thatched roofs. According to Hawaiian legend, the goddess Kaʻahupahau killed a girl on the island; remorseful, she then proclaimed a law forbidding further killing. Kaahupa-hau&#39;s brother Kahiuka (sometimes referred to by historians as her son, Ku-maninini) was said to live in an underwater cavern off Ford Island with Kanekuaana, a giant water lizard which supplied food to the people of ʻEwa Beach.</p><br>
<h3>Kamehamehas and 18th-century settlers</h3><br>
<p>Although no historical records provide an exact date, researchers at the Hawaiian Historical Society believe that the island was given to Francisco de Paula Marín on February 9, 1818, and later named after him for his assistance in providing weapons used by Kamehameha I to conquer the island of Oahu. He used the land to raise sheep, hogs, goats and rabbits as provisions for ships, and grew plants and vegetables which he had imported.</p><br>
<p>In 1825, Admiral George Byron, the 7th Baron Byron arrived, commanding the HMS Blonde, to return the remains of Kamehameha II and Queen Kamāmalu after their deaths in England of Measles. While on Oahu, he would map the Pearl River (known today as Pearl Harbor). The ships naturalist, Andrew Bloxam, spent time on Ford Island hunting rabbits and wild ducks; its surveyor, Lieutenant Charles Robert Malden, called it Rabbits Island. In 1826, Hiram Paulding became the first American naval officer to visit the island. Maríns ownership claim to the island was cloudy; Hawaiians generally refused to recognize land ownership by foreigners. Kamehameha II believed that the island had been loaned to Marín and by the 1850s the island was split between Kamehameha IV—who purchased 214 acre—and High Chiefess Kekauōnohi, granddaughter of Kamehameha I, who was awarded 147 acre in the Great Māhele. On August 28, 1865, the island was bought at public auction for $1,040 by James I. Dowsett, who sold it to Caroline Jackson for $1 on December 28.</p><br>
<p>Dr. Seth Porter Ford arrived in 1851 from Boston, and practiced medicine at the USA Seamens Hospital. Ford married Caroline Jackson in June 1866, taking control of the island and changing its name from Marín Island to Ford Island. The island was managed by Sanford B. Dole on behalf of Fords minor children until Ford, Jr. came of age and sold the island in 1891 to the John Papa ʻĪʻī land trust.</p><br>
<h3>Sugar reciprocity</h3><br>
<p>Sugar had been a major export from Hawaii since Captain James Cook&#39;s arrival in 1778. During the 1850s, the USA import tariff on sugar from Hawaii was much higher than the import tariffs Hawaiians were charging the USA, and Kamehameha III sought reciprocity.</p><br>
<p>As early as 1873, a United States military commission recommended attempting to obtain Ford Island in exchange for the tax-free importation of sugar to the USA At that time Major General John Schofield, USA commander of the military division of the Pacific, and Brevet Brigadier General Burton S. Alexander arrived in Hawaii to ascertain its defensive capabilities. USA control of Hawaii was considered vital for the defense of the west coast of the United States, and they were especially interested in Puuloa, Pearl Harbor. The sale of one of Hawaiis harbors was proposed by Charles Reed Bishop, a foreigner who had married into the Kamehameha family, had risen in the government to be Hawaiian Minister of Foreign Affairs, and owned a country home near Puuloa. He showed the two USA officers around the lochs, although his wife, Bernice Pauahi Bishop, privately disapproved of selling Hawaiian lands. As monarch, William Charles Lunalilo, was content to let Bishop run almost all business affairs but the ceding of lands would become unpopular with the native Hawaiians. Many islanders thought that all the islands, rather than just Pearl Harbor, might be lost and opposed any cession of land. By November 1873, Lunalilo canceled negotiations and returned to drinking, against his doctors advice; his health declined swiftly, and he died on February 3, 1874.</p><br>
<p>Lunalilo left no heirs. The legislature was empowered by the constitution to elect the monarch in these instances and chose David Kalākaua as the next monarch. The new ruler was pressured by the USA government to surrender Pearl Harbor to the Navy. Kalākaua was concerned that this would lead to annexation by the USA and to the contravening of the traditions of the Hawaiian people, who believed that the land (&#39;Āina) was fertile, sacred, and not for sale to anyone. In 1875, the United States Congress agreed to an additional seven years of reciprocity in exchange for Ford Island. At the end of the seven-year reciprocity agreement, the United States showed little interest in renewal.</p><br>
<p>On January 20, 1887, the United States began leasing Pearl Harbor. They drafted their own constitution on July 6, 1887. The new constitution was written by Lorrin Thurston, the Hawaiian Minister of the Interior who used the Hawaiian militia as threat against Kalākaua. Kalākaua was forced to dismiss his cabinet ministers and sign a new constitution which greatly lessened his power. It would become known as the "Bayonet Constitution" due to the force used.</p><br>
<p>With support from California (because the state had profited from the import of sugar), Kalākaua again approached Congress. When the United States still seemed uninterested in reciprocity, he threatened to forge more favorable export agreements with Australia or New Zealand. Congress feared that a treaty between Hawaii and Australia or New Zealand would result in annexation by one of those countries instead of the United States. Although Kalākaua was loath to give any foreign country land in Hawaii, he signed the treaty in September 1887.</p><br>
<p>The Oahu Sugar Company (also known as the Oahu Sugar Cane Plantation) leased about 300 acre from the John Papa ʻĪʻī estate (after their purchase of the island in 1891) to harvest sugar in 1899. Sugarcane was grown and harvested on Ford Island with a network of aqueducts from freshwater reservoirs, transported to Waipio by barge and then by rail to the mills.</p><br>
<p>In 1902, the nearby estate of Bernice Pauahi Bishop lost a crucial lawsuit brought by the United States to purchase land around Pearl Harbor for below its market value. Although the Bishop estate valued the land at $600 per acre, the United States was only willing to pay $30 per acre. A jury determined that the land would be sold to the United States at $75 per acre. Facing a similar lawsuit and interest in its land on Ford Island, the John Papa ʻĪʻī estate settled with the United States to deed twenty-five acres at no cost. In exchange, the USA dropped its suit for the entire island.</p><br>
<p>The military leased sections of the north and south sides of the island—25.83 acre for $3,000—from the John Papa ʻĪʻī estate to build 6 in gun batteries: Battery Boyd and Battery Henry Adair. In 1917, the John Papa ʻĪʻī estate agreed to sell part of the Island to the United States for construction of an airfield, despite the Oahu Sugar Company complaining in court that the sale would hurt their business.</p><br>
<h3>Army Air Service</h3><br>
<p>In 1917, the 6th Aero Squadron was created in Honolulu, with Captain John F. Currey as its commander. Although 50 were assigned, only 49 arrived; one deserted en route. When Currey was transferred to Washington, command of the squadron was given to Captain John B. Brooks and then Major Hugh J. Knerr, who built hangars and a runway. Early soldiers had to level the island, removing hills and boulders.</p><br>
<p>All housing and major hangars were completed in 1918, including a large steel-and-wood hangar, two concrete hangars for seaplanes and flying boats, a supply warehouse, a machine shop, a photography laboratory and a powerhouse.</p><br>
<p>The Navy decided that a Hawaiian base was a necessity, considering the Army field at Ford Island an ideal candidate. Naval Air Station Pearl Harbor, consisting of nine officers and fifty-five men, was commissioned on December 19, 1919. The Army received the west side of the island, and the Navy the southeastern side. To accommodate ship berthing the Navy built a concrete-and-stone quay around the entire island, and in 1926, they received Vought FU, Vought VE-7 and Vought VE-9 biplanes.</p><br>
<p>During the 1930s, the Navy contracted a $1.5 million dredging of Pearl Harbor to allow larger battleships and the fleet&#39;s carriers to enter it. Material was also dredged to deepen the West Loch, East Loch, and Middle Loch for the mooring of battleships.</p><br>
<p>The Navy replaced its PK, F5L, and H16 aircraft with newer models (see table below). Construction began on a new Army airfield, Hickam Army Airfield, named after pioneer USA Army Air Corps pilot Lieutenant Colonel Horace Meek Hickam.</p><br>
<p>In 1939, after three years of construction, Hickam Field opened. The Army transferred its operations there, leaving Luke Field under Navy control. The latter was renamed Naval Air Station Ford Island, and became the headquarters of Patrol Wing 2; its former namesake was re-honored with a new base, Luke Air Force Base in Arizona. A September 8, 1939, presidential emergency proclamation spurred the rapid construction of new facilities to prepare the island for additional operations. This included additional barracks, a new assembly and repair hangar, an administration building, a dispensary, a control tower, a laundry and a theater. At the height of World War II, over 40,000 people lived or worked on the island.</p><br>
<h3>Attack on Pearl Harbor</h3><br>
<p>Beginning in the 1930s, Imperial Japan attempted to expand its territory into China. Opposed to these aggressive actions, the United States, Britain, and the Netherlands froze Japanese assets and imposed economic restrictions which prohibited the exportation of aircraft fuel as well as steel and iron to Japan, affecting 90% of Japan&#39;s war production needs. Japan was forced to either give up its expansion plans or find alternative raw materials to continue producing equipment for the war. Japan chose to continue with its plans, but decided it needed to neutralize any threat from the United States first.</p><br>
<p>Ford Island (in the center of Pearl Harbor) was the headquarters of Patrol Wing Two, an important target for the first-wave airborne raiders in the December 7, 1941, Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Before dawn, the USA strategic center in the Pacific consisted of the seven battleships moored along Battleship Row and the six pairs of interrupted quays along the east side of Ford Island. Quay F-2 (the southernmost), which usually berthed an aircraft carrier, was empty. The Pacific Fleet flagship was moored northeastward, at F-3. Side by side with the was (outboard), followed by with outboard. Behind Tennessee was Arizona alongside the repair ship Vestal. Closing the row was, alone at F-8. These battleships, from eighteen to twenty-five years old, represented all but two of those available to the Pacific Fleet. was also in Pearl Harbor, being dry-docked at the Navy Yard. The ninth battleship of the fleet, was being overhauled on the West Coast. These nine battleships taken together were one short of equaling Japan&#39;s active battle fleet, although most of the Japanese vessels were newer.</p><br>
<p>The initial bombs struck the island at 07:57 local time, prompting the historic dispatch: "Air Raid, Pearl Harbor—this is no drill." The battleships ringing Ford Island were the Japanese attackers&#39; primary targets. Twenty-four of the forty Japanese torpedo planes were assigned to attack Battleship Row, and five more came over to that side of Ford Island after failing to find battleships in other parts of the harbor. The planes carried 29 Type 91 aerial torpedoes, each with a high-explosive payload of 450 lb, of which 12 are thought to have found their targets: two in California, one in Nevada and a possible total of nine in Oklahoma and West Virginia; the latter two ships sank within minutes of being hit.</p><br>
<p>Horizontal bomber aircraft delivering armor-piercing bombs attacked as the last torpedo planes finished, and other horizontal and dive bombers came in later. The aircraft registered many direct hits and damaging near-misses, including two each on California, Maryland and Tennessee and several more on West Virginia.</p><br>
<p>A bomb meant for the California hit Hangar 6 on the island, igniting it. Additional bombs hit Hangar 38 (a dud), the dispensary courtyard (leaving a large crater) and the road outside the repair-and-assembly hangar. Only one man, Theodore Wheeler Croft, was killed on the island while standing guard duty.</p><br>
<p>The bombers most notable success was Arizona. A bomb exploded near the forward magazines, triggering a catastrophic explosion which immediately sank the ship. The islands freshwater supply was cut off when the Arizona severed the main water line and the auxiliary line was destroyed at the Pearl Harbor end. The Nevada, which eventually got underway while under attack, was hit repeatedly by dive bombers who spotted a ship escaping from Ford Island. So she would not sink between the island and the Navy Yard (blocking the entire harbor), Nevada was run aground.</p><br>
<p>Several planes from the aircraft carrier, near Hawaii after a mission to Wake Island, arrived in the midst of the attack; four were shot down by American air-defense friendly fire. H. L. Young, commander of Enterprise air group, attempted to man the control tower to provide communications between the island, Enterprise, and the planes. However, he reported that although he attempted to communicate with Enterprise by radio from Ford Island, the communications systems there were inadequate, and he attributed the friendly fire to ineffective radio communications. After attempting to notify as many ships and anti-aircraft batteries as possible, several planes from Enterprise and others from Ford Island&#39;s complement were again airborne within hours to search for the attackers. Some of these search planes were again shot down on their return by friendly fire from the Ford Island defense, which was on high alert.</p><br>
<p>In addition to Battleship Row and the islands naval field, the fixed moorings on the western side of Ford Island (capable of securing battleships or aircraft carriers) were high-priority targets. Just west of the island, the seaplane tender Curtiss was hit by a crashing dive bomber, a bomb and fragments of another bomb. She was then unsuccessfully attacked by a Japanese midget submarine, which fired a torpedo before being sunk by the destroyer Monaghan. Hangar 6 and several patrol seaplanes and other aircraft on Ford Island (33 out of 70 of the islands planes) were destroyed.</p><br>
<h4>Aftermath</h4><br>
<p>The Japanese disabled all seven battleships on Battleship Row. Maryland, Tennessee and Pennsylvania were repaired in only a few weeks but Oklahoma and Arizona were total losses. The weakened state of the US Pacific Fleet would allow the Japanese Navy to hold the initiative until the Guadalcanal Campaign eight months later.</p><br>
<p>Enterprise launched aircraft to patrol Ford Island and search for Japanese carriers. Five American pilots returning from missions to hunt down the Japanese fleet were mistakenly shot down by Ford Island anti-aircraft gunners while attempting to land. The island&#39;s commanding officer said about the friendly-fire losses, "Somebody let fly and I never saw so many bullets in the air in my life and never expect to... all tracer bullets at night."</p><br>
<p>After the attack, ROTC cadets from the University of Hawaii were assigned to active duty guarding strategic buildings. Because of the islands lack of fresh water and electric power to the dispensary, a temporary hospital had to be set up at the #2 barracks. The Marines who had picked up rifles for guard duty were tasked with feeding and clothing the soldiers and sailors. Twenty prisoners from the islands brig were marched to the Marine barracks and put to work without incident; some received commuted sentences for their efforts. That evening, Hawaiians were instructed to observe an indoor blackout, stay off the telephone, keep extra buckets of water available for fighting fires and keep cars off the streets (parking them on lawns, if necessary).</p><br>
<p>Sixty concrete revetments were constructed to protect aircraft from another attack, and the Navy laid down a 16 inch water main from across the harbor. A new control tower was commissioned on May 1, 1942, and the Navy built bomb shelters and gas-decontamination chambers. Due to the need for better control of the US Pacific Fleet, its headquarters moved to Ford Island.</p><br>
<p>During the next few weeks, the Navy set up twenty-one large winches on the island to turn the Oklahoma upright so it could be re-floated and patched before being scrapped. Coral was piled between the ship and the island so the ship would roll upright, instead of sliding toward the shore. Despite recovery efforts and patching, the Oklahoma sank during a mid-Pacific storm while it was being towed to the scrapyard. Nevada, California, West Virginia and the minelayer USS Oglala were re-floated and salvaged by the Navy. The entire salvage operation took 20,000 man-hours underwater and 5,000 dives to recover human remains, weapons, ammunition and artifacts of historic or military importance.</p><br>
<h2>Naval Auxiliary Landing Field Ford Island</h2><br>
<p>The US Pacific Fleet established the Fleet Intelligence Center, Pacific (FICPAC) on Ford Island by 1955 as the Vietnam War escalated and an additional intelligence branch was needed in addition to the one in Guam. With little other use of the island, as naval and air operations were moved to facilities on the side of the Pearl Harbor previously owned by the Bishop estate, the Navy decommissioned Naval Air Station Ford Island in 1966. The island continued to be controlled by the Navy as a sub-component of Naval Station Pearl Harbor.</p><br>
<p>On February 20, 1970, the 4,000-foot (1,200 m) runway at NALF Ford Island was opened to civilian flight training operations, primarily local Army, Navy, Air Force and Marine Corps flying clubs. After its active-duty commission on February 1, 1973 the Third Fleet moved its headquarters to Ford Island, where it remained until its 1991 move to San Diego. The island remained home to Navy officers and several naval headquarters.</p><br>
<p>For the 12-month period ending March 4, 1998, the airport had 39,992 aircraft operations, an average of 110 per day: 98 percent general aviation and two percent military. On July 1, 1999, all military and civilian general-aviation activity at NALF Ford Island ended when NAS Barbers Point was closed in a BRAC action and became the present civilian Kalaeloa Airport and Coast Guard Air Station Barbers Point. The new airport was open to general aviation and rendered NALF Ford Island redundant.</p><br>
<p>Before the completion of the Admiral Clarey Bridge, access to Ford Island was by ferry. Two diesel-powered ferries, Waa Hele Honoa (YFB-83) and Moko Holo Hele (YFB-87), served the island. The Waa Hele Honoa (meaning "canoe go to land") was purchased in 1959 for $274,000, and pressed into service by the Navy on March 3, 1961. It is the older and larger of the two ferries, at 181 ft, with a capacity of 750 people and 33 vehicles. The other, Moko Holo Hele (meaning "boat go back and forth") was purchased for $1.1 million on May 25, 1970. At 162 ft, its capacity was 750 people and 42 vehicles. Both ferries were operated by US Navy personnel, and access to the island was restricted to US military personnel, their dependents and invited guests. In addition to the two car ferries, there were several smaller "foot ferries" allowing pedestrians to travel between Ford Island and alternate landings around Pearl Harbor.</p><br>
<h3>Rebirth</h3><br>
<p>Initially called "the bridge to nowhere", the Admiral Clarey Bridge was instrumental in Senator Daniel Inouye&#39;s "rebirth" of Ford Island and enabled over $500 million in development with special legislation (2814 US Code). It connected 45 families and 3,000 civilian workers to Kamehameha Highway,</p><br>
<p>In planning the islands development, the Navy considered its operational needs and the islands historic value. However, the National Trust for Historic Preservation considered the Navys communication style more directive rather than collaborative, restricting the NTHPs ability to share their concerns, and in 2001 designated Ford Island one of its 11 most-endangered sites. Although the Navy&#39;s plans included preserving important hangars, the control tower and seaplane ramps, they failed to protect the existing runway and 1920s housing and did not address preserving bullet holes on the seaplane ramps. As hoped by the Trust, after the designation the Navy agreed to delay development of some of these items until an agreement could be reached.</p><br>
<p>To accommodate additional facilities and housing, the Navy needed to upgrade the islands infrastructure. Its sewage system was upgraded with the 2001 installation of a 6,000 ft, 20 in sewage main from the island to Pearl Harbor and improvements to the sewage-pumping station. Due to the bridges unique design, which includes a floating section, it was impossible to use it to transit cable across the loch. In 2005, the Navy contracted drilling for primary and auxiliary conduits 20 ft apart and parallel to the bridge from Halawa Landing to the Ford Island golf course. The contractor installed 5,045 ft-long, 24 in-thick carbon-steel high-magnetic casing conduits, and fiber-optic communications cables and 46kV power lines were fed through them.</p><br>
<p>In June 2013 the Navy planned to install 60,000 photovoltaic panels over 28 acre on the Ford Island runway, to comply with Congressional and Defense Department mandates to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and offset the cost of Hawaiian energy (the highest in the United States). The Navy offered the Pacific Aviation Museum Pearl Harbor $250,000 toward renovation of the control towers elevator in exchange for its support of the plan. The museum declined, organizing an internet campaign opposing the plan based on the runways historic significance and highlighting Ford Islands role in the attack on Pearl Harbor and Amelia Earharts visit. In response, the Navy decided to install the panels on existing structures around Pearl Harbor.</p><br>
<h3>Present use</h3><br>
<p>Ford Island continues to be used by the US Navy. It hosts the 34,000 ft&sup2; Pacific Warfighting Center for exercises, training and battle simulations. The Admiral Clarey Bridge enabled the Navy to develop a $331 million Pacific tsunami warning center named after Senator Daniel Inouye, replacing the aging facility on Ewa Beach. The centers location is controversial because of its location in a tsunami-vulnerable area and the Navys tsunami-evacuation plan calls for the island&#39;s only access point—the Admiral Clarey Bridge—to be opened for ship evacuation (making the bridge inaccessible to land vehicles). The island also continues to host a military brig.</p><br>
<p>Nominally based in Alaska, the Sea-based X-band Radar (SBX-1) arrived on Ford Island in 2006 for maintenance and repairs and has returned several times since. Primarily used as a warhead-detection radar system on a self-propelled floating platform in the Pacific, its presence on the island has been controversial. The platform, with a cost reaching nearly $1,000,000,000, has never actually made it to Alaska and conspiracy theorists argue that the platform is a mobile version of the High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program.</p><br>
<p>In 2013, the Navy unveiled a $4-million training facility, using simulators and virtual reality, at the Naval Undersea Warfare Center Division Keyport on Ford Island. The Fleet Integrated Synthetic Training/Testing Facility (FIST2FAC) was developed to save on training costs with a reusable facility which could emulate electronic, mine and anti-air warfare scenarios instead of real-world training requiring fuel, logistics and deployment costs for ships.</p><br>
<h2>Memorials and museums</h2><br>
<p>Soon after the attack on Pearl Harbor, it was decided that the USS Arizona would remain at the bottom of the harbor as the final resting place for those lost. In 1958, President Dwight D. Eisenhower approved the construction of a memorial over the vessel It includes a complex at Halawa Landing (opposite Ford Island) and a structure over the Arizona which receives visitors by ferry. Although the ferries are operated by US Navy personnel, the complex is staffed by the National Park Service.</p><br>
<p>In January 29, 1964, the navy facility in Pearl Harbor centering on the Ford Island was designated "United States Naval Base, Pearl Harbor" and became a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>The battleship USS Utah, which had been relegated to a target ship, remains submerged off the island. After salvaging the capsized USS Oklahoma with winching cables, the Navy unsuccessfully tried to recover the Utah using the same technique. In 1972, the remains of the Utah (on the northwest side of the island) were dedicated as a memorial to the fifty-eight men still inside.</p><br>
<p>Despite concern that it would detract from the Arizona memorial, in 1998 the USS Missouri was transferred from Washington State to Ford Island. After a year of conversion into a museum, the ship opened for visitors on January 29, 1999. On December 7, 2006, the 65th anniversary of the attack on Pearl Harbor, the aviation museum opened to visitors in Hangar 37 after more than ten years of planning. On December 7, 2007, a joint ceremony was held by the National Park Service and the USS Oklahoma memorial committee to dedicate a memorial to the ship just outside the entrance to the USS Missouri museum on the northeast side of the island. The Pacific Aviation Museum Pearl Harbor signed a lease with the US Navy on September 2, 2010, for the Ford Island control tower, which sent the first radio alert of the attack, and began its restoration.</p><br>
<h2>Film and television</h2><br>
<p>A 1965 film, In Harm&#39;s Way starring John Wayne, was filmed on Ford Island. A Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress used in the production experienced a landing-gear malfunction and crash-landed on Ford Island, and the crash landing was included in the film.</p><br>
<p>In April 2000, filming began on the Michael Bay film Pearl Harbor. Before the filming, the cast and crew gathered on the USS Arizona memorial for a wreath-laying by a representative of Touchstone Pictures, Jerry Bruckheimer and Bay. The producers brought fifteen vintage planes to Ford Island, placing them in one hangar for the filming. In addition, they brought fifteen ships back to Pearl Harbor for live bombardment (without sinking them). The operations room of the control tower was converted into a barracks for the filming. The Pacific Aviation Museum hoped that the film would increase public awareness of the tower and spur support for its restoration. Bay reflected on the historic significance of Ford Island: "I have a vivid memory of showing the crew around Ford Island during pre-production. We came upon a plaque directly across from the sunken Arizona, marking the spot where a torpedo hit nearly six decades ago. My crew stood in silence for three minutes at the sight of this small monument. It was a solemn moment for all of us, and I think it helped the crew appreciate the undertaking were about to begin." During filming, a Vultee BT-13 Valiant used as a torpedo bomber crashed on the island.</p><br>
<p>In 2010, the television series Hawaii Five-0 chose Battleship Cove, a housing community just outside the dock of the USS Missouri museum, as the location for an episode. The episode, with police cars racing down Tennessee and Nevada Streets, featured a number of Ford Island homes and some residents appeared as extras. The ship, which was towed off Ford Island for maintenance, was brought out to sea between completion of the maintenance and its return to the dock for filming. Michael Carr, president of the Battleship Missouri Memorial, hoped that the film would spike the number of visitors to the Ford Island museum.</p><br>
<p>The Bradbury Jewell House is a historic house at 154 Ferncroft Road in Sandwich, New Hampshire. Built about 1802 by an early surveyor of the region, it is a well-preserved example of high-quality second-generation frontier architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Bradbury Jewell House stands near the end of Ferncroft Road in the remote northeastern corner of Sandwich; this area is only accessible via Tamworth, and is bordered on the north by the White Mountain National Forest. The house stands in a clearing on the north side of the road, opposite Squirrel Bridge Road, a private lane. The house is fairly small (30 by 40), five bays wide, 1-1/2 stories in height, with a central chimney. There is a small gable-roofed ell attached to the east side of the house. Its central entry is flanked by sidelight windows; the house otherwise has vernacular styling, but is remarkably little changed since its construction. The property includes a barn built in 1805, and a garden shed built c. 1975.</p><br>
<p>Bradbury Jewell was a surveyor hired by a Sandwich landowner in 1768 to survey the Ferncroft area. In 1780 he settled in what is now Tamworth, where he built the first frame house, but moved to the New Hampshire coast a few years later. He returned to Sandwich in 1802, and had by the following year built this house. Its relatively modest styling is reflective of the frontier nature of the property, but also shows evidence in its interior features of more sophisticated architectural knowledge Jewell would have acquired during his years on the coast. Jewell is known to have business dealings with John Langdon, whose 1786 house is one of the most sophisticated houses of the period in Portsmouth.</p><br>
<p>Manicani is a small island in the Leyte Gulf, Philippines. The local governing body is the municipality of Guiuan of Eastern Samar province. Its 3,000 residents live in four villages: San Jose, Banaag, Hamorawon and Buenavista. Housing and construction is mostly simple timber or concrete huts without power or plumbing.</p><br>
<h2>Location and geography</h2><br>
<p>Manicani is located in the Leyte Gulf.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Second World War</h3><br>
<p>During the second world war the US Navy transformed Manicani into a major naval repair facility. It was built to carry out maintenance and repairs to any of the ships in the fleet. The facility included housing for 10,000 people, a mess hall, shops, administration buildings, and an outdoor movie theater. In addition, the ABSD was brought to Manicani. Upon leaving Manicani, all buildings and utilities were dismantled and removed by US Navy personal.</p><br>
<h3>Typhoon Yolanda</h3><br>
<p>Manicani Island suffered a direct hit from Typhoon Haiyan (locally known as Yolanda). Almost every home was obliterated including a church with 42 people taking refuge inside. Contrary to media reports the island was not evacuated. Many spent the majority of the storm without shelter. It took more than a week for aid to reach Manicani.</p><br>
<h2>Manicani Mine</h2><br>
<p>The Hinatuan Mining Corporation (HMC), a Nickel Asia (NAC) subsidiary, acquired the rights to the Manicani site in 1987, with the first recorded commercial shipments from the mine coming in 1992. HMC ceased operations in 1994 due to falling nickel prices. In 2001, despite fierce local opposition, mining resumed. In May 2001 protesting locals clashed with HMC. A Manicani local and two others were seriously wounded when a vehicle rammed the picket lines. Also in 2001, due to the destruction of the delicate ecosystem the HMC was issued a suspension order.</p><br>
<p>In 2005 HMC was granted a permit to remove stockpiles. Allegations of human rights abuses arose when 70 protesters were violently dispersed by police. In June 2012 one of Nickle Asia&#39;s other subsidiaries, Samar Nickel Resource Corp, filed criminal charges when members of an anti-mining group blockaded the port to stop delivery of a vehicle meant to transport schoolchildren around the island.</p><br>
<h3>Effects of mining</h3><br>
<p>Open pit nickel mine mining, like the one used on Manicani has been outlawed in many countries due to the devastating ecological effects.</p><br>
<p>“Manicani Island nickel mining has reduced the amount of land available to farmers and siltation into the ocean has adversely impacted fishing; before mining, agriculture and aquaculture could sustain the people of Manicani Island but now they have been made poorer.” - Journal of Geography and Geology, 2013</p><br>
<p>Aikens Wash is an archaeologically and geologically significant wash located in the Mojave National Preserve in San Bernardino County, California. The wash includes several pictograph and petroglyph sites dating from the late pre-Columbian period. The proximity of pictographs and petroglyphs is unusual in the Mojave Desert region. The area was added to the National Register of Historic Places as the Aikens Wash National Register District. The district comprises 1,450 acre, including all major archaeological sites in the wash.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The two largest rock art groupings are at Aikens Arch (located at 35&deg;14&prime;22&Prime;N latitude, 115&deg;44&prime;55&Prime;W longitude) and Milky Way Caves; other prominent groupings are at Aikens Cove, Aiken&#39;s Tank, Metate Cliff, Shadow Cave, and The Dikes. Patterns depicted in the petroglyphs include anthropomorphs, circles and curves, grids and lattices, and occasional zoomorphs or phytomorphs; the pictographs, which mainly use red dye, show similar patterns.</p><br>
<p>The wash also includes multiple pre-Columbian habitation sites. Three rockshelters have been found in the wash; all are associated with rock art sites. In addition, a house site has been discovered near Aiken&#39;s Arch; the site includes multiple round house rings.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The wash is also one of the most significant volcano sites in the Mojave Desert. The site includes multiple extinct cinder cones and volcanic flow areas. The volcanoes originally date from two periods; one set emerged in the early Pleistocene, while the other came about in the late Pleistocene or Holocene. The most recent volcanic activity in the region most likely occurred between 800 and 1000 years ago.</p><br>
<p>The Libby Museum is a natural history museum at 755 North Main Street  in Wolfeboro, New Hampshire. The museum was founded by Dr. Henry Libby in 1912, and was the first museum in the state dedicated solely to its natural history. It is owned by the town of Wolfeboro, and is open seasonally between June and October. The museum&#39;s building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<h2>Setting</h2><br>
<p>The museum is located in northwestern Wolfeboro, on the north side of NH 109 overlooking the Winter Harbor inlet of Lake Winnipesaukee. It is a basically rectangular building, covered by a hip roof and set on a concrete foundation. Its exterior walls are finished in stucco, and are divided into bays articulated by pilasters. At the top of most bays, just below the roofline, is a large single-pane window. One bay at the center of the main facade houses the museum entrance, sheltered by a gabled portico. The interior of the museum is a single large chamber, with plaster walls and hardwood floors. An unusual air circulation pattern facilitates natural cooling of the building, with air vents to the outside at the base of some of the bays.</p><br>
<h2>Collection and history</h2><br>
<p>The museum was the brainchild of Dr. Henry Libby, who had amassed a large collection of natural specimens, and began planning for the museums construction in 1890. The museum building was designed by Dr. Libby in consultation with C. Howard Walker of Boston, Massachusetts, and was completed in 1912. Dr. Libby died in 1933, leaving the museum in trust to his children, or the town if they did not want to manage it. In 1956, the town formally exercised its authority to assume management of the museum. Of New Hampshires early museums, it is the first to be exclusively dedicated to the state&#39;s natural history.</p><br>
<p>The museum collection includes specimens of plants, animals, birds, and fish, as well as minerals. It is open seasonally between the beginning of June and the Columbus Day weekend in October; admission is charged.</p><br>
<p>Windermere was a historic summer estate at the southern tip of Long Island, the largest island in New Hampshires Lake Winnipesaukee. Developed in the early 1890s, it was one of the largest country estates on the lakes shores. The main house, a three-story mansion built in 1891–92 by Frank Eugene Greene, is the most elaborate such house built in Moultonborough. A 5 acre remnant of the estate, encompassing the former main house and some outbuildings, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. The property is now a residential condominium.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Lake Winnipesaukee, New Hampshires largest lake, is roughly shaped like a three-fingered hand, the fingers pointing approximately north. The right two fingers are separated by the Moultonborough Neck, from which a narrow channel separates it from Long Island, the lakes largest island. Long Island juts more directly south, and it is roughly the southern third of the island that was the Windermere estate. The island was farmed for much of the 19th century by a few families, the southernmost by Robert Lamprey until 1891, when he sold his holding to Frank Eugene Greene, a doctor who made and marketed patent medicines. He retained J.H. Besarick, an architect from Boston, to design his estate, which was built over a reported two-year period between 1891 and 1893. Materials for the buildings were brought to the site by boat, and the workmen doing the construction, said to number about 200, camped in tents.</p><br>
<p>The principal surviving elements of the estate complex are its main house, gatehouse/caretaker&#39;s cottage, two barns, an ice house, and a hen house. The main house is a large three-story wood frame building, with a hip roof and clapboarded exterior. The building has massing that is Colonial Revival, and includes decorative features from Queen Anne and Shingle styles. When built, the house had all of the modern amenities of the time, include gas lighting. Fresh water was supplied from a water tank in the attic of the cow barn, which was supplied from the lake by a steam-powered pump.</p><br>
<p>The buildings of the complex today have been converted to residential use; the house has been subdivided into multiple residences.</p><br>
<p>Big Island Lake is a glacial lake located 5 km east of Flin Flon, Manitoba, Canada.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The lake has a north-south orientation and is accessible via Manitoba Highway 10. There is a seasonal cottage community on the south end. The lake drains into Schist Lake via Big Island Creek, part of the Nelson River watershed. The lake is surrounded by Precambrian boreal forest, a mixed forest of coniferous and deciduous trees of the Canadian Shield. The area is a favourite location for hunters who can find large game such as moose, black bear, white tailed deer, woodland caribou, as well as many species of waterfowl. Fish species include northern pike, walleye, burbot, whitefish and lake trout.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>Big Islands name comes from the large island which dominates the lake. The name was officially registered in 1999. Prior to that, the traditional Cree name of nearby Schist Lake (Manistikwan which means "Devils Head") was applied to Big Island Lake.</p><br>
<p>The Avondale Mill Historic District is a former mill village in Pell City, Alabama. Architecturally significant as the first sawtooth roofed mill in Alabama, the mill village represents a relatively intact example of an early 20th century company town. The mill and its village were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The mill was built in 1902–1903 on the northwestern outskirts of Pell City, at the confluence of the Seaboard Air Line Railroad and Southern Railway lines. Sumter Cogswell purchased the 400 acre of land in 1890 after stopping to change trains in the town. By 1902, he had convinced Atlanta industrialist George W. Pratt to build a cotton mill on the land. The following year, the Pell City Manufacturing Company began operational with 21,000 spindles and 640 looms.</p><br>
<p>In 1919, the mill was purchased by the Birmingham-based Avondale Mills Company. At the time, the mill employed 600 people. Avondale spent over $1 million improving the mill and village homes during the 1920s and 1930s. A hospital was built in 1925, streets in the village were paved, and 40 new houses were built, bringing the total to 163 by 1945. Mill capacity was expanded to 25,584 spindles, 800 looms, and 800 employees by 1940. The mill village was incorporated into Pell City in 1956, and the company gradually sold the houses to private owners.</p><br>
<p>Automation and foreign competition caused employment to decline beginning in the 1970s. In the aftermath of a deadly train crash at one of its facilities in South Carolina, Avondale closed its plants in Pell City and Sylacauga and sold several others in July 2006.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<h3>Mill</h3><br>
<p>The main mill building was a two-story structure built of brick and measuring approximately 225 by 640 feet (70 by 200 meters). The mill featured a sawtooth roof, which allowed clerestory windows to be placed on the vertical roof sections for light and ventilation. It was the first saw-toothed mill in Alabama. The walls were lined with windows and blind arches, separated by stepped string courses. The walls are punctuated by protruding buttresses at the bases of the sawtooths and small vents that open into the clerestory area. Four two-story pavilions spaced along each of the long sides of the building contained restrooms and staircases. The interior was divided into four large rooms: the main mill room at the north end, the picker room and dye room in the middle, and the weaving room at the south end.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the main building, the complex consisted of engine and boiler rooms, a 180 ft chimney stack, reservoir and water works, a warehouse, an office building, a cottonseed oil mill, and a cotton gin. Today, only the office and a water tower remain.</p><br>
<h3>Mill village</h3><br>
<p>The mill village was constructed at the same time as the mill, and originally consisted of 115 houses. The village grew to a height of 163 houses in 1945. Roads were laid out in a grid pattern to the north and east of the mill complex. Houses were built to four different plans: a pyramidal four-room plan with a central chimney and front porch that was either shed roofed or gable roofed; a side-gabled three room plan, which featured two equal-sized rooms with a rear shed room; a hipped roof three-room plan, where the main entry opens into a vestibule leading to the other two rooms; and a cross-gable six-room plan, which was built for managers and foremen and featured a central hipped roof with hipped roof ells on either side. The majority of the houses have been modified, many with rear additions and enclosed porches.</p><br>
<p>In addition to houses, the village also contained a school (closed in the 1960s and demolished in the 1970s), community house (used until it was demolished in the 1980s), and a hospital (built in 1925 and demolished in 1965).</p><br>
<p>The Casuarina Islets , also known as The Brothers, is a pair of islands located in the Great Australian Bight immediately off the south-west coast of Kangaroo Island in South Australia approximately 96 km south-west of Kingscote. The pair is currently part of the Flinders Chase National Park.</p><br>
<h2>Location and features</h2><br>
<p>Casuarina Islets are located approximately 96 km south-west of Kingscote. The North Islet and the South Islet lay respectively 370 m and 2.3 km south of Cape du Couedic. The North Islet covers an area of about 2 hectare and reaches an elevation of 29 m. The South Islet covers an area of about 2 hectare and reaches an elevation of 35 m.</p><br>
<p>The Casuarina Islets were formed between 7500 and 8900 years ago after sea levels rose at the start of the Holocene. Both islets are humps of Kanmantoo group metasandstone that have been rounded by wave action. A remnant cap of calcarenite still exists over the eastern half of the North Islet while the South Islet has lost its calcarenite cap due to wave action. The North Islet is located in waters of 30 m depth while the South Islet located in waters of 40 m depth.</p><br>
<h3>Economic activity</h3><br>
<p>The Casuarina Islets is one of the island sites from which guano was mined under licence from the South Australian Government prior to 1919.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<h3>North Islet</h3><br>
<p>A survey in 1996 found nine species of plant to be present with roundleaved pigface, sea celery, beaded samphire and bower spinach occupying the exposed areas of the islet while the more sheltered areas were occupied by nitre-bush, ruby saltbush, variable groundsel and feather spear-grass. Vertebrate animals were represented by mammals, birds and reptiles. The islet supports a breeding colony of New Zealand fur seals while serving as a haul out for Australian sea lions. Breeding colonies of silver gulls, Pacific gulls and crested terns are observed along with specimens of rock parrots, welcome swallows and Richard&#39;s pipit. The only reptile found was a single specimen of the marbled gecko.</p><br>
<h3>South Islet</h3><br>
<p>As of 1996, four species of plant were found to be present - round-leaved pigface which was the dominant species, sea celery, ruby saltbush and Austral seablite. Vertebrate animals were represented by mammals, birds and reptiles. A non-breeding colony of New Zealand fur seals are the main occupants of the islet while birds were represented by turnstones, sooty oystercatchers and welcome swallows. The only reptile found was a single specimen of the four-toed earless skink.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Casuarina Islets (Ilots du Cassuarina) were named by Nicolas Baudin on 3 January 1803 after one of the ships in his expedition, which was under the command of Louis de Freycinet at the time. The islets are also known as The Brothers.</p><br>
<h2>Protected area status</h2><br>
<p>The South Islet was declared a closed area in 1909 in respect to birds and animals under the Birds Protection Act 1900 following lobbying by the South Australian Ornithological Association which was concerned about the ongoing survival of one of the few remaining colonies of New Zealand fur seals on Kangaroo Island. North Islet was declared a sanctuary in September 1955 to protect the fur seal population ‘from shooting parties from the mainland’.</p><br>
<p>Both islets were declared as fauna reserves under the Fauna Conservation Act 1964 Both Islets were proclaimed as part of the Flinders Chase National Park in 1972 and have since been specifically proclaimed as prohibited areas in order to protect breeding fur seals and seabirds. As of December 2012, the waters around both islets are part of a restricted access zone located within the boundaries of the Western Kangaroo Island Marine Park.</p><br>
<p>Payuk Lake is a glacial lake located 9 km southeast of Bakers Narrows, Manitoba, Canada.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Payuk Lake is oriented in a southwest to northeast direction. The primary inlet is Mistik Creek and it drains via Payuk Creek into Lake Athapapuskow as part of the Nelson River basin. The lake is surrounded by Precambrian boreal forest, a mixed forest of coniferous and deciduous trees of the Canadian Shield including black spruce and jack pine.</p><br>
<p>There is a paved boat launch accessible from Manitoba Highway 10.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The name Payuk means "one" in Cree and was officially registered in 1999. It is notable for being the first of fourteen lakes on Mistik Creek named in numeric order in Cree. The fourteen lakes listed by their Cree names with the English translations in order from south to north are:</p><br>
<p>Payuk Lake - One (outflow)</p><br>
<p>Neso Lake - Two</p><br>
<p>Nisto Lake - Three</p><br>
<p>Nao Lake - Four</p><br>
<p>Niyanun Lake - Five</p><br>
<p>Nikotwasik Lake - Six</p><br>
<p>Tapukok Lake - Seven</p><br>
<p>Uyenanao Lake - Eight</p><br>
<p>Kakat Lake - Nine</p><br>
<p>Mitatut Lake - Ten</p><br>
<p>Payukosap Lake - Eleven</p><br>
<p>Nesosap Lake - Twelve</p><br>
<p>Nistosap Lake - Thirteen</p><br>
<p>Naosap Lake - Fourteen (source)</p><br>
<h2>Fish species</h2><br>
<p>Payuk Lake is a popular game fishing area, and fish species include walleye, northern pike, and white sucker.</p><br>
<p>Deerlick Run (also known as Deer Lick Run The stream flows through Mount Pleasant Township and Orange Township. The annual load of sediment in it is 8,522,400.0 lb. The stream&#39;s watershed has an area of 6.1 square miles, most of which is agricultural land. There are also large areas of forested land in the watershed.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>Deerlick Run starts in northern Mount Pleasant Township, near the community of Welliversville. It flows southeast for a number of miles in a fairly shallow valley to the eastern part of Mount Pleasant Township. Here, the stream turns eastward and exits Mount Pleasant Township. Upon exiting the township, it enters Orange Township. The stream then exits its valley and enters a plain. Shortly afterwards, it reaches its confluence with Fishing Creek. The confluence is slightly north of Pennsylvania Route 487 and slightly south of a gauging station.</p><br>
<p>Deerlick Run has no named tributaries.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrology and climate</h2><br>
<p>The daily load of sediment in Deerlick Run is 23,349.0 lb, which equates to an annual load of 8,522,400.0 lb. The total maximum daily load for sediment in the stream is 14,599.0 lb per day, or 5,328,648.0 lb per year. 7,898,600 lb of sediment per year comes from croplands and 451,600 lb comes from pastures or hay. 90,000 lb comes from stream banks, 40,800 lb comes from land classified as "transition" by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, 23,200 lb comes from forests, and 18,200 lb comes from land classified as "low-intensity development" by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection.</p><br>
<p>Deerlick Run experiences significant levels of siltation and stream bank erosion. The erosion coefficient of Deerlick Run ranges from 0.12 between September and March to 0.3 during the rest of the year.</p><br>
<p>The average annual precipitation in the Deerlick Run watershed is 37.7 in. The average runoff rate in the watershed is 1.8 in per year.</p><br>
<p>Deerlick Run has little riparian buffering. No part of the stream or any of its tributaries attains the water quality standards of the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and geology</h2><br>
<p>The minimum elevation in the watershed of Deerlick Run is less than 600 ft and the maximum elevation is more than 1,100 ft above sea level. The stream is in the ridge and valley geographical region.</p><br>
<p>80 percent of the surface rock in the watershed of Deerlick Run is interbedded sedimentary rock. 20 percent of the surface rock is sandstone The dominant hydrologic soil groups in the Deerlick Run watershed are C (90%) and B (10%).</p><br>
<h2>Watershed</h2><br>
<p>The watershed of Deerlick Run has an area of 6.1 square miles. There are 8.5 mi of streams in its watershed.</p><br>
<p>The majority of the watershed of Deerlick Run (60.8 percent) is agricultural land. 1134.2 acres are used for hay or pastures and 1213.3 acres are used for crops. 34.9 percent of the watersheds land is forested land. 4.0 percent of the land is designated by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection as "low-intensity development". 0.3 percent of the watersheds area is wetland. 9.9 acres of land in the watershed are classified as "transitional" by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1853, Deerlick Run was part of the border between Columbia County and Montour County. However, in the 21st century, it is near the center of Columbia County.</p><br>
<p>In the past, the valley of Deerlick Run was home to many industries, although little is known about them. The remains of a dam can be seen on the stream and there was once a gin mill, a sawmill, and a woolen mill.</p><br>
<h2>Biology</h2><br>
<p>Deerlick Run is designated as a coldwater fishery because it can support fish species of the Salmonidae family. It is also designated as a migratory fishery because it is in the Susquehanna River watershed.</p><br>
<p>Neso Lake is a glacial lake on the Mistik Creek chain in the Hudson Bay drainage basin in the Northern Region of Manitoba, Canada. It sits in the Churchill River Upland portion of the Midwestern Canadian Shield forests which consist of mixed coniferous forest trees. The region around the lake consists of rocky parallel ridges with poorly drained areas of muskeg and irregular rocky shorelines due to intense glaciation. The lake is situated on the well known "Mistik Creek Loop", a remote canoe route which is 95 km in total length can be paddled in four days.</p><br>
<p>There is a fishing lodge and a provincial park located on the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>Neso is Cree for "two". It is notable for being one of fourteen lakes on Mistik Creek named in numeric order in Cree. The fourteen lakes listed by their Cree names with the english translations in order from south to north on are:</p><br>
<p>Payuk Lake - One (outflow)</p><br>
<p>Neso Lake - Two</p><br>
<p>Nisto Lake - Three</p><br>
<p>Nao Lake=Four</p><br>
<p>Niyanun Lake - Five</p><br>
<p>Nikotwasik Lake - Six</p><br>
<p>Tapukok Lake - Seven</p><br>
<p>Uyenanao Lake - Eight</p><br>
<p>Kakat Lake - Nine</p><br>
<p>Mitatut Lake - Ten</p><br>
<p>Payukosap Lake - Eleven</p><br>
<p>Nesosap Lake - Twelve</p><br>
<p>Nistosap Lake - Thirteen</p><br>
<p>Naosap Lake - Fourteen (source)</p><br>
<p>Nisto Lake is a glacial lake on the Mistik Creek chain in the Hudson Bay drainage basin in the Northern Region of Manitoba, Canada. It sits in the Churchill River Upland portion of the Midwestern Canadian Shield forests which consist of mixed deciduous and coniferous trees. The region around the lake consists of rocky parallel ridges with poorly drained areas of muskeg and irregular rocky shorelines due to intense glaciation. The lake is situated on the well known "Mistik Creek Loop", a remote canoe route which is 80 km in total length can be paddled in four days.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>Nisto is Cree for "three". It is notable for being one of fourteen lakes on Mistik Creek named in numeric order in Cree. The fourteen lakes listed by their Cree names with the english translations in order from south to north are:</p><br>
<p>Payuk Lake - One (outflow)</p><br>
<p>Neso Lake - Two</p><br>
<p>Nisto Lake - Three</p><br>
<p>Nao Lake=Four</p><br>
<p>Niyanun Lake - Five</p><br>
<p>Nikotwasik Lake - Six</p><br>
<p>Tapukok Lake - Seven</p><br>
<p>Uyenanao Lake - Eight</p><br>
<p>Kakat Lake - Nine</p><br>
<p>Mitatut Lake - Ten</p><br>
<p>Payukosap Lake - Eleven</p><br>
<p>Nesosap Lake - Twelve</p><br>
<p>Nistosap Lake - Thirteen</p><br>
<p>Naosap Lake - Fourteen (source)</p><br>
<p>Nao Lake is a glacial lake on the Mistik Creek chain in the Hudson Bay drainage basin in the Northern Region of Manitoba, Canada. It sits in the Churchill River Upland portion of the Midwestern Canadian Shield forests which consist of mixed deciduous and coniferous trees. The region around the lake consists of rocky parallel ridges with poorly drained areas of muskeg and irregular rocky shorelines due to intense glaciation. The lake is situated on the well known "Mistik Creek Loop", a remote canoe route 95 km in length which can be paddled in four days.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>Nao is Cree for "four". It is notable for being one of fourteen lakes on Mistik Creek named in numeric order in Cree. The fourteen lakes listed by their Cree names with the English translations in order from south to north are:</p><br>
<p>Payuk Lake - One (outflow)</p><br>
<p>Neso Lake - Two</p><br>
<p>Nisto Lake - Three</p><br>
<p>Nao Lake - Four</p><br>
<p>Niyanun Lake - Five</p><br>
<p>Nikotwasik Lake - Six</p><br>
<p>Tapukok Lake - Seven</p><br>
<p>Uyenanao Lake - Eight</p><br>
<p>Kakat Lake - Nine</p><br>
<p>Mitatut Lake - Ten</p><br>
<p>Payukosap Lake - Eleven</p><br>
<p>Nesosap Lake - Twelve</p><br>
<p>Nistosap Lake - Thirteen</p><br>
<p>Naosap Lake - Fourteen (source)</p><br>
<p>Niyanun Lake is a glacial lake on the Mistik Creek chain in the Hudson Bay drainage basin in the Northern Region of Manitoba, Canada. It sits in the Churchill River Upland portion of the Midwestern Canadian Shield forests which consist of mixed deciduous and coniferous trees. The region around the lake consists of rocky parallel ridges with poorly drained areas of muskeg and irregular stony shorelines due to intense glaciation. The lake is situated on the well known "Mistik Creek Loop", a remote canoe route 95 km in length which can be paddled in four days.</p><br>
<p>The lake contains northern pike.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>Niyanun is Cree for "five". It is notable for being one of fourteen lakes on Mistik Creek named in numeric order in Cree. The fourteen lakes listed by their Cree names with the english translations in order from south to north are:</p><br>
<p>Payuk Lake - One (outflow)</p><br>
<p>Neso Lake - Two</p><br>
<p>Nisto Lake - Three</p><br>
<p>Nao Lake - Four</p><br>
<p>Niyanun Lake - Five</p><br>
<p>Nikotwasik Lake - Six</p><br>
<p>Tapukok Lake - Seven</p><br>
<p>Uyenanao Lake - Eight</p><br>
<p>Kakat Lake - Nine</p><br>
<p>Mitatut Lake - Ten</p><br>
<p>Payukosap Lake - Eleven</p><br>
<p>Nesosap Lake - Twelve</p><br>
<p>Nistosap Lake - Thirteen</p><br>
<p>Naosap Lake - Fourteen (source)</p><br>
<p>Nikotwasik Lake is narrow glacial lake on the Mistik Creek chain beneath the Vamp Creek confluence. It is in the Hudson Bay drainage basin in the Northern Region of Manitoba, Canada. It sits in the Churchill River Upland portion of the Midwestern Canadian Shield forests which consist of mixed deciduous and coniferous trees. The area around the lake consists of rocky parallel ridges with poorly drained areas of muskeg and irregular stony shorelines due to intense glaciation. The lake is situated on the well known "Mistik Creek Loop", a remote canoe route 95 km in length which can be paddled in four days.</p><br>
<p>The lake contains northern pike.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>Nikotwasik is Cree for "six". It is notable for being one of fourteen lakes on Mistik Creek named in numeric order in Cree. The fourteen lakes listed by their Cree names with the english translations in order from south to north are:</p><br>
<p>Payuk Lake - One (outflow)</p><br>
<p>Neso Lake - Two</p><br>
<p>Nisto Lake - Three</p><br>
<p>Nao Lake - Four</p><br>
<p>Niyanun Lake - Five</p><br>
<p>Nikotwasik Lake - Six</p><br>
<p>Tapukok Lake - Seven</p><br>
<p>Uyenanao Lake - Eight</p><br>
<p>Kakat Lake - Nine</p><br>
<p>Mitatut Lake - Ten</p><br>
<p>Payukosap Lake - Eleven</p><br>
<p>Nesosap Lake - Twelve</p><br>
<p>Nistosap Lake - Thirteen</p><br>
<p>Naosap Lake - Fourteen (source)</p><br>
<p>Cherokee Plantation is a historic house in Fort Payne, Alabama. The house was built in 1821 as a two-story log cabin by Andrew Ross, a judge on the Cherokee Supreme Court and brother of Principal Chief John Ross. In 1834 a second log cabin was built connected to the rear of the original cabin, and a third was built to the northeast, separated by a breezeway. Ross, being one-eighth Cherokee, was forced to leave his home in 1838 under the provisions of the Treaty of New Echota, of which Ross was a signatory; a portion of the Cherokee Trail of Tears passes in front of the house.</p><br>
<p>The house passed to William W. McFarlane, who enclosed and expanded it further in 1845, giving the house its present Greek Revival appearance. The Kershaw family made further modifications and renovations in the 1930s and 1960s. Current owners, the Brewer family, have continued the renovations. The house was listed on the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage in 1976 and the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>Tapukok Lake is narrow glacial lake on the Mistik Creek chain above the Vamp Creek confluence. It is approximately 19 km northeast of Bakers Narrows and is situated in the Hudson Bay drainage basin in the Northern Region of Manitoba, Canada. It is surrounded by the Churchill River Upland portion of the Midwestern Canadian Shield forests which consist of mixed deciduous and coniferous trees. The area around the lake consists of rocky parallel ridges with poorly drained areas of muskeg and irregular stony shorelines due to intense glaciation. The lake is situated on the well known "Mistik Creek Loop", a remote canoe route 80 km in length which can be paddled in four days.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>Tapukok is Cree for "seven". It is notable for being one of fourteen lakes on Mistik Creek named in numeric order in Cree. The fourteen lakes listed by their Cree names with the english translations in order from south to north are:</p><br>
<p>Payuk Lake - One (outflow)</p><br>
<p>Neso Lake - Two</p><br>
<p>Nisto Lake - Three</p><br>
<p>Nao Lake - Four</p><br>
<p>Niyanun Lake - Five</p><br>
<p>Nikotwasik Lake - Six</p><br>
<p>Tapukok Lake - Seven</p><br>
<p>Uyenanao Lake - Eight</p><br>
<p>Kakat Lake - Nine</p><br>
<p>Mitatut Lake - Ten</p><br>
<p>Payukosap Lake - Eleven</p><br>
<p>Nesosap Lake - Twelve</p><br>
<p>Nistosap Lake - Thirteen</p><br>
<p>Naosap Lake - Fourteen (source)</p><br>
<p>Uyenanao Lake is a glacial lake on the Mistik Creek chain, approximately 20 km northeast of Bakers Narrows. It is part of the Nelson River watershed, in the Hudson Bay drainage basin in the Northern Region of Manitoba, Canada. The surrounding mixed deciduous and coniferous forest is part of the Churchill River Upland portion of the Midwestern Canadian Shield forests. The region around the lake consists of rocky parallel ridges with poorly drained areas of muskeg and irregular stony shorelines due to intense glaciation. The lake is situated on the well known "Mistik Creek Loop", a remote canoe route 80 km in length which can be paddled in four days.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>Uyenanao is Cree for "eight". It is notable for being one of fourteen lakes on Mistik Creek named in numeric order in Cree. The fourteen lakes listed by their Cree names with the english translations in order from south to north are:</p><br>
<p>Payuk Lake - One (outflow)</p><br>
<p>Neso Lake - Two</p><br>
<p>Nisto Lake - Three</p><br>
<p>Nao Lake - Four</p><br>
<p>Niyanun Lake - Five</p><br>
<p>Nikotwasik Lake - Six</p><br>
<p>Tapukok Lake - Seven</p><br>
<p>Uyenanao Lake - Eight</p><br>
<p>Kakat Lake - Nine</p><br>
<p>Mitatut Lake - Ten</p><br>
<p>Payukosap Lake - Eleven</p><br>
<p>Nesosap Lake - Twelve</p><br>
<p>Nistosap Lake - Thirteen</p><br>
<p>Naosap Lake - Fourteen (source)</p><br>
